The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows: H 2 N-CH ( R ) − COOH Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

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Fura-2 Fluorescence (Arbitrary Unit) 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 [Ca2+]=2970nM, 25°C [Ca2+] 2970nM, 4°C [Ca2+]=0.9nM, 25°C [Ca2+] = 0.9nM, 4°C 0 260 280 300 340 360 380 400 420 440 Wavelength (nm) ← < The figure on the LHS shows the excitation spectra of Fura-2 (Em = 510 nm) in 2 solutions with two different Ca2+ ion concentration as indicated. Except for temperature, the setting for excitation & signal acquisition was identical.< ப a) The unit in Y-axis is arbitrary (unspecified). Why? < < b) Compare & contrast the excitation wavelength of the Isosbestic Point of Fura-2 at 25 °C & 4 °C. Give a possible reason for the discrepancy. < c) The fluorescence intensity at 25 °C & 4 °C are different. Explain why with the concept of electronic configuration. <

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

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Answer 5

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

Answer 6

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

Answer 7

Chapter 31, Problem 1P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The number of ATP equivalents consumption during the synthesis of the rhodanese polypeptide chain from its constituent amino acids needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino as well as acidic groups. The general molecular formula of an amino acid is as follows:

H2N-CH(R)−COOH

Here, R refers to the different group for different amino acids. If there is more than one amino group present in an amino acid, they are considered as basic amino acids and if there is more than one carboxylic group, then they are considered as acidic amino acids.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Elongation of the amino acid needs 4 ATP per amino acid. The initial step in elongating the polypeptide activates the amino acids and then it is connected to the tRNA. This procedure converts an ATP to an AMP, costing two phosphate groups. This is equal in hydrolyzing two ATPs in this step.

Subsequent, the “loaded” aminoacyl-tRNA is moved towards the ribosome’s A-site. This is achieved with the aid of the elongation factor EF-Tu and the GTP’s hydrolysis. The GTP hydrolysis is actively equal to hydrolyzing another ATP.

Lastly, the aminoacyl-tRNA is moved to the P-Site from A-site utilizing EF-G: GTP complex. Again, GTP is hydrolyzed to the GDP which is again equivalent to the single GTP hydrolysis. Thus, there are total 4 ATP equivalents per amino acids.

295A.A×4ATPA.A.=1180 ATP

We now should consider termination and initiation. Initiation needs 2 ATP. One is in the form of GTP, for Met-tRNA_i binding to form the 40S pre-initiation complex, and another is in the form of ATP in forming the initiation complex. The Met-tRNA_i formation costs another 2 ATP.

Termination needs the hydrolysis of a single GTP. This means that for the amino acid, which is about 296 amino acids long, 4 ATP equivalents would be consumed within initiation, 1180 ATP equivalents are consumed during elongation, plus 1 ATP equivalent are consumed during termination. In this process, total 1185 ATP equivalents are provided.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Ch. 31 - Prob. 1P Ch. 31 - Prob. 2P Ch. 31 - Understanding the Relevance of Chaperones in...Ch. 31 - Prob. 4P Ch. 31 - Prob. 5P Ch. 31 - Prob. 6P Ch. 31 - Comparing the Mechanisms of Action of EF-Tu/EF-Ts...Ch. 31 - Prob. 8P Ch. 31 - Prob. 9P Ch. 31 - Prob. 10P

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 31 Solutions