Chapter 3, Problem 3.23P

Identify the functional groups in each molecule. Classify each alcohol, alkyl halide,

amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$.

a. c. e.

Darvon ibuprofen penicillin G

(analgesic) (analgesic) (an antibiotic)

b. d. f.

pregabalin histrionicotoxin pyrethrin I

trade name Lyrica (poison secreted by a (potent insecticide

(used in treating chronic south American frog) from chrysanthemum)

Pain)

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in Darvon are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given compound is,

Figure 1

The functional groups present in Darvon are amine, ester and aryl group.

The structure of Darvon that shows the labeling of all functional groups is shown below.

Figure 2

Conclusion

The functional groups present in Darvon and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in pregabalin are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given structure is,

Figure 3

The functional groups present in pregabalin are amine, and carboxylic acid.

The structure of pregabalin that shows the classification of all functional group is shown below.

Figure 4

Conclusion

The functional groups present in pregabalin and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in ibuprofen are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given structure is,

Figure 5

The functional groups present in ibuprofen are carboxylic acid, alkane and aryl.

The structure of ibuprofen that shows the classification of all functional group is shown below.

Figure 6

Conclusion

The functional groups present in ibuprofen and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in histrionicotoxin are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given structure is,

Figure 7

The functional groups present in histrionicotoxin are alkene, alkyne and alcohol. The structure of histrionicotoxin that shows the labeling of all functional group is shown below.

Figure 8

Conclusion

The functional groups present in histrionicotoxin and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in penicillin G are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given structure is,

Figure 9

The functional groups present in penicillin G are carboxylic acid, amide, and aryl.

The structure of penicillin G that shows the labeling of all functional group is shown below.

Figure 10

Conclusion

The functional groups present in penicillin G and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation: The functional groups present in the given molecule is to be classified and the classification of each alcohol, alkyl halide, amide, and amine as $1°$, $2°$, or $3°$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction: The table representing the general formula of different functional groups according to IUPAC convention is given below.

General formula	Functional group	Functional group name
$\text{R}-\text{OH}$	$-\text{OH}$	Alcohol
$\text{R}-\text{CHO}$	$-\text{CHO}$	Aldehyde
$\text{R}-\text{CO}-\text{R}$	$-\text{CO}-$	Ketone
$\text{R}-{\text{NH}}_2$	$-{\text{NH}}_2$	Amine
$\text{R}-\text{O}-\text{R}$	$-\text{O}-$	Ether
$\text{R}-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	$-\text{COO}-{\text{R}}^1$	Ester
$\text{R}-\text{X}$	$-\text{X}\left(\text{F},\text{Cl},\text{Br}\right)$	Alkyl halide
$\text{C}=\text{C}$	$=$	Double bond
$\text{R}-\text{COOH}$	$-\text{COOH}$	Carboxylic acid

The classification of alcohols or alkyl halides depend upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains hydroxyl group or alkyl halide. In case of primary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $1°$ carbon atom. Similarly, in case of secondary and tertiary alcohol, $-\text{OH}$ group is attached to $2°$ and $3°$ carbon atom.

The classification of amines or amides also depends upon the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that contains nitrogen atom.

Answer to Problem 3.23P

The functional groups present in pyrethrin I are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

The given structure is,

Figure 11

The functional groups present in pyrethrin I are ester, ketone, and alkene.

The structure of pyrethrin I that shows the labeling of all functional group is shown below.

Figure 12

Conclusion

The functional groups present in pyrethrin I and the classification of each alcohol, amide, alkyl halide and amine as primary, secondary, and tertiary are rightfully stated.