Chapter 27, Problem 66IAE

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The compound that neutralizes $\text{HCl}$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The neutralization reaction is defined as the reaction between acid and base in order to produce salt and water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The compound that neutralizes $\text{NaOH}$ should be determined.

Concept introduction:

The neutralization reaction is defined as the reaction between acid and base in order to produce salt and water.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction $\left({\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2\right)$ is a single step substitution reaction in which electron rich species substitute leaving group. The attack takes place from the back side of the electrophilic center thus an inversion of the configuration takes place. Also, there is a single transition state because bond breaking and bond making occurs simultaneously.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The compound that forms amide with ethanoic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Amine reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an amide. The general reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine is as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The compound reacts with ammonia should be determined.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophilic substitution reaction $\left({\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1\right)$ is a two-step substitution reaction. In the first step, removal of the leaving group and formation of the carbocation intermediate occurs. The second step involves the formation of the product by the attack of the incoming nucleophile on the carbocation intermediate. It is a unimolecular substitution reaction. A mixture of both retention and inversion product is obtained as the incoming nucleophile can attack from either side of the carbocation.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction $\left({\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2\right)$ is a single step substitution reaction in which electron rich species substitute leaving group. The attack takes place from the back side of the electrophilic center thus an inversion of the configuration takes place. Also, there is a single transition state because bond breaking and bond making occurs simultaneously.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The compound that reacts with ${\text{CN}}^{-}$ should be determined

Concept introduction:

Nucleophilic substitution reaction $\left({\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1\right)$ is a two-step substitution reaction. In the first step, removal of the leaving group and formation of the carbocation intermediate occurs. The second step involves the formation of the product by the attack of the incoming nucleophile on the carbocation intermediate. It is a unimolecular substitution reaction. A mixture of both retention and inversion product is obtained as the incoming nucleophile can attack from either side of the carbocation.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction $\left({\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2\right)$ is a single step substitution reaction in which electron rich species substitute leaving group. The attack takes place from the back side of the electrophilic center thus an inversion of the configuration takes place. Also, there is a single transition state because bond breaking and bond making occurs simultaneously.