Concepts of Genetics (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780321948915
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 23, Problem 3NST
The following cable gives the percentage of twin pairs studied in which both twins expressed the same
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The following table gives the percentage of twinpairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotypefor a trait (concordance). Percentages listed arefor concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) anddizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in eachpair were raised together in the same environment, whatdo you conclude about the relative importance of geneticversus environmental factors for each trait?
Which of the following best describes the broad-sense heritability of a trait?
Variance in the trait that is due to genetic effects (VG)
The proportion of phenotype variance that is due to genetic effects (VG/Vp)
The proportion of phenotype variance that is due to genetic effects (Vp - VG)
The proportion of phenotype variance that is not due to genetic effects (Vp- VE)
the degree to which genes influencing a trait are passed from offspring to parents To
In the following table, average differences of height, weight,and fingerprint ridge count between monozygotic twins (rearedtogether and apart), dizygotic twins, and nontwin siblings arecompared:
Based on the data in this table, which of these quantitative traitshas the highest heritability values?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (11th Edition)
Ch. 23 - A homozygous plant with 20-cm-diameter flowers is...Ch. 23 - The following table shows measurements for fiber...Ch. 23 - The following cable gives the percentage of twin...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1CSCh. 23 - Prob. 2CSCh. 23 - Prob. 3CSCh. 23 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on a...Ch. 23 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 23 - Define the following: (a) polygenic, (b) additive...Ch. 23 - A dark-red strain and a white strain of wheat are...
Ch. 23 - Height in humans depends on the additive action of...Ch. 23 - An inbred strain of plants has a mean height of 24...Ch. 23 - Erma and Harvey were a compatible barnyard pair,...Ch. 23 - In the following table, average differences of...Ch. 23 - What kind of heritability estimates (broad sense...Ch. 23 - List as many human traits as you can that are...Ch. 23 - Corn plants from a test plot are measured, and the...Ch. 23 - The following variances were calculated for two...Ch. 23 - The mean and variance of plant height of two...Ch. 23 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 23 - Prob. 15PDQCh. 23 - In an assessment of learning in Drosophila, flies...Ch. 23 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 23 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 23 - In a population of 100 inbred, genotypically...Ch. 23 - Many traits of economic or medical significance...Ch. 23 - A 3-inch plant was crossed with a 15-inch plant,...Ch. 23 - In a cross between a strain of large guinea pigs...Ch. 23 - Type A1B brachydactyly (short middle phalanges) is...Ch. 23 - In a series of crosses between two true-breeding...Ch. 23 - Students in a genetics laboratory began an...Ch. 23 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 23 - Canine hip dysplasia is a quantitative trait that...Ch. 23 - Floral traits in plants often play key roles in...Ch. 23 - In 1988, Horst Wilkens investigated blind...
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- Suppose that a geneticist studies a series of characteristics in monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins. He finds various rates of phenotypic concordance for the characteristics, as shown in the table. Rate of phenotypic concordance (%) Characteristic Monozygotic Dizygotic migraine headache 60 30 eye color 100 40 measles 90 90 clubfoot 30 10 high blood pressure 70 40 handedness 70 70 tuberculosis Classify each characteristic according to whether the corresponding rates of concordance indicate a genetic influence, an environmental influence, or both genetic and environmental influences.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about quantitative genetics is TRUE? Heritability is the measure of the proportion of an individual's phenotype that is due to genetics. QTL mapping provides an overestimate of the number of genes contributing to a quantitative trait. A threshold trait is measured in whole numbers. An H2 value (broad-sense heritability) that approaches 0.0 means that almost all the phenotypic variation is determined by genetic differences. The h2 (narrow-sense heritability) value is a prediction of the impact that selection may have in altering an initial population by artificial selection.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about complex traits is/are TRUE? Twin studies help to tease apart the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to phenotypic variations. When describing quantitative traits, a high variance indicates that most individual values are not very close to the mean. Genetic factors determine Mendelian traits, while environmental factors determine complex traits. Both additive and dominant effect falls in the category of narrow sense heritability and can be directly passed on from parents to offspring.arrow_forward
- Many researchers have estimated the heritability of human traits by comparing the correlation coefficients of monozygotic and dizygotic twins (see pp. 731–732). One of the assumptions made in using this method is that monozygotic twin pairs experience environments that are no more similar to each other than those experienced by dizygotic twin pairs. How might this assumption be violated? Give some specific examples of how the environments of two monozygotic twins might be more similar than the environments of two dizygotic twins.arrow_forwardWhat is concordance? For a polygenic or multifactorial trait such as behavior, why are identical (monozygous) twins studied? What is the advantage of studying identical twins reared apart? What should be the concordance in identical twins raised apart if a trait is purely genetic with no environmental influence? What are some genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities that cause changes in behavior?For example, Huntington disease; Fragile X syndrome. What is schizophrenia and why is it considered multifactorial? What is autism? Major depression? Bipolar disorder? What is: the purpose of our immune system? Our first line of defense against infection? • What are some differences between our innate immune system, and our adaptive immune system? What is an antigen? An antibody? Which cells make antibodies? What is a memory B cell? How do vaccines work? Why must HLA be matched for a successful organ transplant? Why is it difficult to find a good match?arrow_forwardAssume that human ear length is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Suppose you measure ear length in three groups of people, in which group A consists of five unrelated people, group B consists of five siblings, and group C consists of five first cousins. a. With the assumption that the environments of all three groups are similar, which group should have the highest phenotypic variance? Explain why. b. Is it realistic to assume that the environmental variance for each group is similar? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- If the concordance of a trait is 0.96 for monozygotic twins and 0.95 for dizygotic twins, which of the following would you most likely conclude? O This trait is more influenced by genes in monozygotic twins and the environment in dizygotic twins O This trait is more influenced by genes in dizygotic twins and the environment in monozygotic twins This trait is more influenced by the environment than genes O This trait is more influenced by genes than the environmentarrow_forwardAssume that the concordance value for a particular trait is 85% for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. What can be concluded about this trait? ○ It is caused by environmental factors in dizygotic twins but by genetic factors in monozygotic twins. It is likely caused almost exclusively by genetic factors. It is caused by both genetic factors and environmental factors. It is likely caused almost exclusively by environmental factors. It is caused by genetic factors in dizygotic twins but by environmental factors in monozygotic twins. Incorrectarrow_forwardHow does heritability differ between major trait categories such as morphology, life history, behavior, and physiology? Which trait types are generally most heritable and which are least heritable?arrow_forward
- Height in humans depends on the additive action of genes. Assume that this trait is controlled by the four loci R, S, T, and U and that environmental effects are negligible. Instead of additive versus non-additive alleles, assume that additive and partially additive alleles exist. Additive alleles contribute 2 units, and partially additive alleles contribute 1 unit to height. Can two individuals of moderate height produce offspring that are much taller or shorter than either parent? What is the percentage of offspring which manifest transgressive variation? Express answer in percentage form. Significant # of decimal places for answer: 2arrow_forwardThe ability to taste PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) is inherited by a single pair of genes and tasting (T) is dominant to non-tasting (t). Among 798 people tested, 60.4% were tasters. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculate the expected allelic frequencies of T and t. How many people tested are expected to have the genotypes TT, Tt, and t? Allele frequency of T Allele frequency of t # of people with genotype TT # of people with genotype Tt # of people with genotype ttarrow_forwardTwin studies are often used in the research of human behavioral traits. Although helpful, there are limitations to these studies. All of the following are limitations to twin studies EXCEPT: Traits are assumed to be simple Mendelian inheritance, discounting additive alleles and epistasis Dizygotic twins will often share more than 50% of their genes Monozygotic twins are often treated more similarity than dizygotic twins O Twins studies are a mechanism to understand the genetic and environmental components of a trait Twins reared apart are often adopted out to families of similar income, ethnicity, and religionarrow_forward
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