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A sample of
a. What are the frequencies of
b. Is this population in
c. Is inbreeding a possible genetic explanation for the observed distribution of genotypes? Why or why not?
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- Consider a sample of 100 individuals sampled from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that are genotyped at a single locus. Of these 100 individuals, 25 individuals are A¡A1, 45 are A1A2, and 30 are A2A2. What is the actual (observed) allele frequency of the A1 allele in this sample? (you may use a calculator if needed) O A. 0.325 O B. 0.275 O C. 0.475 O D. 0.525arrow_forwardA new beneficial allele arises in a population, and it confers a moderate fitness benefit(s=0.01).A. If the mutation is partially recessive (h=0.2), what is the probability of fixation?B. If the mutation is additive (h=0.5), what is the probability of fixation?C. Explain in 1-2 sentences why the probability of fixation depends on the dominancecoefficient.arrow_forwardYou discover two segregating genes (A and B) that affect resistance in a population of snails. You are interested in determining if the two loci are in LD. You analyzed 100 snails for allelic and haplotype states, and observed the frequencies reported in the table below. a. Calculate D for genes A and B. (D = gAB9ab - gAb9aB) b. Is this population in linkage equilibrium or linkage disequilibrium with respect to genes A and B? Frequency Allele A 0.6 Allele a 0.4 Allele B 0.8 Allele b 0.2 Haplotype AB Haplotype Ab Haplotype aB Haplotype ab 0.48 0.12 0.32 0.08arrow_forward
- Consider the following pedigree below for a rare autosomal trait. Be sure to take into account the inbreeding convention, when needed. 1. What is the probability that individual B is heterozygous? 2. What is the inbreeding coefficient of individual E? 3. After divorce, individual “A” decides to marry at random outside the pedigree. If the population allele frequency of the rare autosomal trait is 0.012, what are the chances of having an affected child for his first born of his second marriage?arrow_forwardAn autosomal locus has alleles A and a. The allele frequencies in a population at Hardy Weinberg equilibrium are p = Freq(A) = 0.5 q = Freq(a) = 0.5 What is the frequency of homozygous wild-type (AA) in this population? Enter a single number between 0 and 1, for example, 0.33arrow_forwardThe relative fitness values of three genotypes are wA/A =1.0, wA/a = 1.0, and wa/a = 0.7.a. If the population starts at the allele frequency p =0.5, what is the value of p in the next generation?b. What is the predicted equilibrium allele frequency ifthe rate of mutation of A to a is 2 × 10−5?arrow_forward
- A mouse mutation with incomplete dominance (t =tailless) causes short tails in heterozygotes (t+/t). Thesame mutation acts as a recessive lethal that causeshomozygotes (t/t) to die in utero. In a populationconsisting of 150 mice, 60 are t+/t+ and 90 areheterozygotes.a. What are the allele frequencies in this population?b. Given that there is random mating among mice, nomigration, and no mutation, and ignoring the effects of random genetic drift, what are the expectednumbers of the different genotypes in this nextgeneration if 200 offspring are born?c. Two populations (called Pop 1 and Pop 2) of micecome into contact and interbreed randomly. Thesepopulations initially are composed of the followingnumbers of wild-type (t+/t+) homozygotes andtailless (t+/t) heterozygotes:Pop 1 Pop 2Wild type 16 48Tailless 48 36What are the frequencies of the two genotypes in thenext generation?arrow_forwardImagine a population of 100 snails in which the shell colour is controlled by two alleles: B (black) and b (yellow) I) What is the total no. of loci for shell colour gene in this population II) in the snail population above, 20 out of the snails are yellow (bb) and 80 are black (BB or Bb). Of the 80 black snails, 30 are homozygous and 50 are heterozygous. How many loci for this gene are occupied by the B allele? III) What is the frequency of B allele? IV) Assuming that sexual reproduction takes place with random mating, no gene flow and no selection, what will be the frequency of yellow snails in next generation of the population described above? V) What will be the frequency of b allele in the next generation of the snail population describedarrow_forwardAlbinism is due to a recessive allele of an autosomal gene. Let a represent the albino allele and A represent the normal non-albino allele. If one out of every 10,000 people were albino and assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, A. what would be the phenotype frequencies of albino and non-albino ? B. what would be the allele frequencies of a and of A? C. what fraction of people can be expected to be of the genotype Aa? D. what fraction of people can be expected to be of the genotype AA?arrow_forward
- A total of 6500 North American Caucasians were blood typed for the MN locus, which is determined by two codominant alleles LM and LN. The following data were obtained: Blood Type M MN N a. 0.52, b. 0.23 a. 0.52, b. 0.12 0.48, 0.12 Number a. What is the allele frequency of LM in the population (LM=p) b. What is the genotypic frequency of LNLN? a. 0.48, b. 0.23 1800 3200 1500arrow_forwardLast year you sampled a population of asters in the Rochester area and the allele frequencies for one locus (region of the genome) were p=0.7, q=0.3. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium with respect to that locus, which of the following would you expect when sampling this year? a. 42% of the asters are expected to be homozygous dominant. b. 91% of the asters are expected to be heterozygous. c. 9% of the asters are expected to be homozygous recessive. d. 53% of the asters are expected to be heterozygous.arrow_forwardThe equation p2+ 2pq + q2= 1 representing theHardy-Weinberg proportions examines genes withonly two alleles in a population.a. Derive a similar equation describing the equilibrium proportions of genotypes for a gene withthree alleles. [Hint: Remember that the HardyWeinberg equation can be written as the binomialexpansion (p + q)2.]b. A single gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i) isresponsible for the ABO blood groups. Individualswith blood type A can be either IA IAor IA i;those with blood type B can be either IB IBor IB i;people with AB blood are IA IB, and type O individuals are ii. Among Armenians, the frequency of IAis0.360, the frequency of IBis 0.104, and the frequencyof i is 0.536. Calculate the frequencies of individuals in this population with the four possible bloodtypes, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.In Problems 15–17, you will see that because matingbetween individuals within populations at Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium is random, it is possible to predict…arrow_forward
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