Concept explainers
Compare and contrast the terms in each of the following pairs:
a. population and gene pool
b. random mating and inbreeding
c. natural selection and genetic drift
d. a polymorphic trait and a polymorphic gene
e. founder effect and genetic bottleneck
To analyze:
To explain the similarities and differences between the terms in each of the following pairs:
population and gene pool random mating and inbreeding natural selection and genetic drift a polymorphic trait and a polymorphic gene founder effect and genetic bottleneck
Introduction:
Group of individuals which are able to inter breed is termed as population. In other hand gene pool is also part of population, but in this case instead of individual we consider collection of allele which are present in a population. Role of individual in a population is differential survival and deferential reproduction. In a population no one individual is considered a best fit, population have relatively fit individual. The relatively fit individual selected by natural selection but in case of genetic drift selection of individual is random processes or chance phenomenon. Genetic drift are also classified in to two groups according to their region of selection of a particular allele i.e. founder effect and bottleneck effect. Founder effect favors fixation of one allele due to the migration some individual, thus, small size population is formed. In this small size population inbreeding is takes place. On the other hand, if small size population is formed because of environmental forces (catastrophe), in bottleneck effect also responsible for fixation or loss of any allele in the population. Bottleneck and founder effect are collectively termed as a genetic drift.
Population having multiple allele contributes polymorphic phenotype or trait to the population and polymorphic genes responsible for these polymorphic traits. In a polymorphic population, allelic frequency is maintained by random matting. Inbreeding is exactly opposite to the random mating, which favors fixation of a particular allele.
Explanation of Solution
Group of individuals which are able to interbreed is termed as population. On the other hand, genes and alleles are groups in gene pool.
Population | Gene pool |
In a population variation in alleles is less than gene pool. | In gene pool variation in allele is higher than population. |
Frequency of allele is constant. | Due to inbreeding formation of gene pool. |
Mostly it having interbreeding organism. | Gene pool is termed as genetic variation found in population. |
Population carrying the part of gene pool in genome. | It provide genetic information which is inherited in next generation. |
Random mating has no selection criteria for mating partner. In other hand inbreeding is the mating in related individual that have greater similarity in alleles.
Random mating | Inbreeding |
Mating partner not selected. | Matting occur in between related organism. |
Frequency of intermediate or heterozygote population is decrease. | Due to inbreeding frequency of homozygous increase in a population. |
There is no limitation. | It’s having selection criteria, in case of plant have self-fertilization. |
Two phenotypes of random mating are positive and negative assertive mating. | Mostly affectsexually reproducing organism, which has similarity. |
Natural selection is an evolutionary process which mostly selects the relatively fit individual. In the genetic drift chance of fixation of particular allele.
Natural selection. | Genetic drift. |
It supports the reproductive success of certain member. | It mostly affect the small population |
In this case no selection criteria. | Present generation genes and alleles are different than previous generation. |
It is measured in relative finesses of individual. | It has straight effect on population. |
It has no or very less effect on allelic frequency. | It causes major change in allelic frequency. |
When multiple alleles are present on one locus it is termed as polymorphic gene. Different phenotype present in same population is termed as polymorphic trait.
Polymorphic trait | Polymorphic gene. |
It is measured Quantitatively. | Multiple genes involved in the one phenotype. |
Polymorphic traits has small mutation step. | It is used to explain different form of single gene. |
Large population is polymorphic. | In the population, one locus presents multiple allele. |
Height and skin color is the example of polymorphic trait. | These genes are studied in human genome project. |
Formation and establishment of new small size population through migrations known as founder effect. The phenomenon which generates the large allele frequency error in small population is term as bottleneck.
Genetic bottleneck. | Founder effect. |
Formation of small size population because of environment. | Formation of small size population because of migration. |
It carries completely different allelic frequency. | Is straightly depends on the size of colonizing group. |
Chance of fixation of any allele in a population. | Chance of fixation diseased allele in population. |
The similarities and differences between the given terms are explained above.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 22 Solutions
GENETIC ANALYSIS: AN INTEG. APP. W/MAS
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (11th Edition)
Anatomy & Physiology (6th Edition)
Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Biology: Life on Earth
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Plus Mastering A&P with eText - Access Card Package (10th Edition) (New A&P Titles by Ric Martini and Judi Nath)
Campbell Essential Biology (7th Edition)
- Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population? a. natural selection and genetic drift b. mutation and gene flow c. natural selection and nonrandom mating d. mutation and genetic driftarrow_forwardWhich aspect(s) of natural selection is(are) illustrated by the figure below? Check ALL answers that apply. A. Variation among individuals must be genetically transmissible to the next generation. B. Variation must exist in a population. C. Variation among individuals leads to differences in lifetime reproductive success. D. More individuals are produced each generation than the environment can support, resulting in competition for survival.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about natural selection is a misconception? a.Most species don't produce more offspring than the environment can support b.Natural selection acts on heritable variations in a population c.Natural selection involves differential reproductive success d.Natural selection occurs as a result of competition among individuals in a population e.In natural selection, traits that are favoured depend on current environmental conditionsarrow_forward
- Which of the following is Not required for Natural Selection to occur with a biological population? A. Not all offspring survive to reproduce B.Individuals is the population with some phenotypic variants must have higher fitness on average C. Individuals with one phenotype must always have more offspring than individuals with other phenotypes D. The phenotypical variation within a population of organisms must be heritable E. Variation in the phenotypes of organisms within a populationarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true about linkage disequilibrium? a. New alleles are born into a population in LE with the surrounding loci b. Genetic hitchhiking results from LD between surrounding loci and a locus under strong selection c. Loci in LE in two different populations with different allele frequencies will remain in LE when the two populations completely merge into a single population. d. The greater the selection on a locus, the smaller the haplotype block maintained around it e. D= 0.15 indicates that two loci are in greater LD than D= -0.23arrow_forwardHardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) describes a situation in which the relative frequencies of alleles do not change over generations. which of the following could prevent HWE from being maintained? A. New mutations B. All individuals reproducing equally C. Random mating D. No individuals entering the populationarrow_forward
- Population genetics is the study of: a. how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time b. the genetic basis of population-wide traits c. whether traits have a genetic basis d. the degree of inbreeding in a populationarrow_forwardSickle cell anemia is maintained in human populations because individuals with a single copy of the sickle cell allele have resistance to malaria but lack the health problems of individuals with two copies of the allele. Variation at the sickle cell locus is maintained by which of the following? Group of answer choices A. heterozygote advantage B. random change in allele frequency C. mutation selection balance D. frequency dependent selectionarrow_forwardMatch the following examples with the type of natural selection they are describing: .A Stabilizing selection B. Disruptive selection C. Directional selection Natural selection selecting against very high and very low testosterone levels in a population, leading to relatively stable testosterone levels over time A finch species arriving to an island with only insects and large seeds, with natural selection favoring very thin and very thick beaks, but not medium beaks. A population of bacteria evolving to have an increasingly higher resistance against antibiotics A rodent population evolving to a progressively smaller size to enable better thermoregulationarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements describes an example of genetic drift?a. Allele g for fat production increases in a small population because birds with more bodyfat have higher survivorship in a harsh winter.b. Random mutation increases the frequency of allele A in one population but not inanother.c. Allele R reaches a frequency of 1.0 because individuals with genotype rr are sterile.d. Allele m is lost when a virus kills all but a few individuals and just by chance, none ofthe survivors possess allele m.arrow_forwardConsider a gene with two alleles, C and M. The table below describes fitness for different genotypes in two populations. Fitness CC CM MM Population 1 1.0 1.0 0.6 Population 2 0.9 0.9 1.0 Which of the following is true based on this table? A.) C is recessive and M is dominant B.) M is recessive and C is dominant C.) Neither allele is dominant D.) C is dominant in population 1 and M is dominant in population 2arrow_forwardIn which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?a. natural selection and genetic driftb. mutation and gene flowc. natural selection and gene flowd. gene flow and genetic driftarrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College