The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons ; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes are to be stated. Concept introduction: The cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that exhibits alternate double and single bond are called as aromatic hydrocarbons. All the carbon atoms and C − C bonds are equivalent in the benzene ring. To determine: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes.

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 21, Problem 3RQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes are to be stated.

Concept introduction: The cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that exhibits alternate double and single bond are called as aromatic hydrocarbons.

All the carbon atoms and C−C bonds are equivalent in the benzene ring.

To determine: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes.

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Draw the anti-Markovnikov product of the hydration of this alkene. this problem. Note for advanced students: draw only one product, and don't worry about showing any stereochemistry. Drawing dash and wedge bonds has been disabled for esc esc ☐ Explanation Check F1 1 2 F2 # 3 F3 + $ 14 × 1. BH THE BH3 2. H O NaOH '2 2' Click and drag to start drawing a structure. F4 Q W E R A S D % 905 LL F5 F6 F7 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility < & 6 7 27 8 T Y U G H I F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 9 0 J K L P + // command option Z X C V B N M H H rol option command

AG/F-2° V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: -0.93 +0.38 -0.50 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 →H3PO3 →→H3PO₂ → P → PH3 Acidic solution Basic solution -0.28 -0.50 3--1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO H₂PO₂ →P → PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P206 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH P 0.0 -0.5 -1.0- -1.5- -2.0 H.PO, -2.3+ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 H,PO, b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) H,PO 4 S Oxidation stale, N

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 21, Problem 3RQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes are to be stated.

Concept introduction: The cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that exhibits alternate double and single bond are called as aromatic hydrocarbons.

All the carbon atoms and C−C bonds are equivalent in the benzene ring.

To determine: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 21, Problem 3RQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes are to be stated.

Concept introduction: The cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that exhibits alternate double and single bond are called as aromatic hydrocarbons.

All the carbon atoms and C−C bonds are equivalent in the benzene ring.

To determine: The meaning of aromatic hydrocarbons; justification for benzene exhibiting resonance; bond angles in benzene and the description of the bonding in benzene; and the reason for the difference in the delocalization of π electrons in benzene compared to the localized π electrons of alkenes and alkynes.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .

Chapter 21, Problem 3RQ

Interpretation Introduction