The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction. An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base. Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further. An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β − hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α , β − unsaturated product. A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction. A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction. The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α , β − unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation. As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases. The rules for drawing resonance structures are as: Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures. The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures. The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed. The octet of all atoms is completely filled. More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms of crotonaldehyde and the mechanism for the given reaction are to be written.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron that makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

A carbon–carbon bond formation occurs by aldol condensation reaction.

An aldol reaction takes place in a protic solvent with a base.

Aldol reaction is preferred in basic condition over acidic condition, as after the aldol condensation, acid catalysis promotes the reaction further.

An aldol reaction takes place by acid catalysis, and direct dehydration of β− hydroxy aldol intermediate forms α,β− unsaturated product.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by an acid is called acid catalyzed reaction.

A chemical reaction that is catalyzed by a base is called base catalyzed reaction.

The dehydration of the aldol addition product leads to the formation of conjugated α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and the overall reaction is aldol condensation.

As the stability of the conjugate base increases, the acidity increases.

The rules for drawing resonance structures are as:

Only nonbonding electron pairs and pi electrons can participate in conjugation in the formation of various resonating structures.

The single bonds present in the molecule do not break or form in the resonance structures.

The placement of atoms present in the molecule remains fixed.

The octet of all atoms is completely filled.

More the number of resonance structures indicate higher stability of a compound.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 19 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 19.1 (a) Write a mechanism. for...Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.2 Since the products obtained...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3PP Ch. 19 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 19.4 Write mechanisms that...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5PP Ch. 19 - Prob. 6PP Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.7 The acid-catalyzed aldol...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8PP Ch. 19 - Practice Problem 19.9 (a) Provide a mechanism for...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10PP

Solution Summary: The author describes the resonance structure that explains the acidity of gamma carbon hydrogen atoms in crotonaldehyde.

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Chapter 19 Solutions