Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781133104261
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 19, Problem 12P
To determine
The vector force exerted on A.
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
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to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
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[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 19 Solutions
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Ch. 19.2 - Three objects are brought close to one another,...Ch. 19.3 - Three objects are brought close to one another,...Ch. 19.4 - Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a...Ch. 19.5 - A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an...Ch. 19.6 - Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at...Ch. 19.9 - If the net flux through a gaussian surface is...Ch. 19.9 - Consider the charge distribution shown in Active...Ch. 19 - A point charge of 4.00 nC is located at (0, 1.00)...Ch. 19 - Charges of 3.00 nC, 2.00 nC, 7.00 nC, and 1.00 nC...Ch. 19 - An object with negative charge is placed in a...
Ch. 19 - A particle with charge q is located inside a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5OQCh. 19 - Prob. 6OQCh. 19 - Rank the electric fluxes through each gaussian...Ch. 19 - A circular ring of charge with radius b has total...Ch. 19 - Two solid spheres, both of radius 5 cm, carry...Ch. 19 - An electron with a speed of 3.00 106 m/s moves...Ch. 19 - A very small ball has a mass of 5.00 103 kg and a...Ch. 19 - In which of the following contexts can Gausss law...Ch. 19 - Two point charges attract each other with an...Ch. 19 - Three charged particles are arranged on corners of...Ch. 19 - Assume the charged objects in Figure OQ19.15 are...Ch. 19 - A uniform electric field exists in a region of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2CQCh. 19 - If more electric field lines leave a gaussian...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4CQCh. 19 - Prob. 5CQCh. 19 - Prob. 6CQCh. 19 - Prob. 7CQCh. 19 - A cubical surface surrounds a point charge q....Ch. 19 - Prob. 9CQCh. 19 - Prob. 10CQCh. 19 - Prob. 11CQCh. 19 - Prob. 12CQCh. 19 - Prob. 13CQCh. 19 - Prob. 14CQCh. 19 - A common demonstration involves charging a rubber...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1PCh. 19 - (a) Calculate the number of electrons in a small,...Ch. 19 - Nobel laureate Richard Feynman (19181088) once...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4PCh. 19 - Prob. 5PCh. 19 - Prob. 6PCh. 19 - Two small beads having positive charges q1 = 3q...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8PCh. 19 - Three charged particles are located at the corners...Ch. 19 - Particle A of charge 3.00 104 C is at the origin,...Ch. 19 - Prob. 11PCh. 19 - Prob. 12PCh. 19 - Review. A molecule of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)...Ch. 19 - Prob. 14PCh. 19 - Prob. 15PCh. 19 - Prob. 16PCh. 19 - In Figure P19.17, determine the point (other than...Ch. 19 - Prob. 18PCh. 19 - Three point charges are arranged as shown in...Ch. 19 - Consider the electric dipole shown in Figure...Ch. 19 - A uniformly charged insulating rod of length 14.0...Ch. 19 - Prob. 22PCh. 19 - A rod 14.0 cm long is uniformly charged and has a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 24PCh. 19 - Prob. 25PCh. 19 - Prob. 26PCh. 19 - Prob. 27PCh. 19 - Three equal positive charges q are at the comers...Ch. 19 - Prob. 29PCh. 19 - Prob. 30PCh. 19 - Prob. 31PCh. 19 - Prob. 32PCh. 19 - A proton accelerates from rest in a uniform...Ch. 19 - Prob. 34PCh. 19 - Prob. 35PCh. 19 - Prob. 36PCh. 19 - Prob. 37PCh. 19 - A particle with charge Q is located a small...Ch. 19 - Prob. 39PCh. 19 - Prob. 40PCh. 19 - A particle with charge Q = 5.00 C is located at...Ch. 19 - Prob. 42PCh. 19 - Prob. 43PCh. 19 - Prob. 44PCh. 19 - Prob. 45PCh. 19 - A nonconducting wall carries charge with a uniform...Ch. 19 - In nuclear fission, a nucleus of uranium-238,...Ch. 19 - Consider a long, cylindrical charge distribution...Ch. 19 - A 10.0-g piece of Styrofoam carries a net charge...Ch. 19 - An insulating solid sphere of radius a has a...Ch. 19 - A large, flat, horizontal sheet of charge has a...Ch. 19 - A cylindrical shell of radius 7.00 cm and length...Ch. 19 - Consider a thin, spherical shell of radius 14.0 cm...Ch. 19 - Prob. 54PCh. 19 - Prob. 55PCh. 19 - Prob. 56PCh. 19 - A solid conducting sphere of radius 2.00 cm has a...Ch. 19 - A very large, thin, flat plate of aluminum of area...Ch. 19 - A thin, square, conducting plate 50.0 cm on a side...Ch. 19 - A long, straight wire is surrounded by a hollow...Ch. 19 - A square plate of copper with 50.0-cm sides has no...Ch. 19 - Prob. 62PCh. 19 - Prob. 63PCh. 19 - Prob. 64PCh. 19 - Prob. 65PCh. 19 - Why is the following situation impossible? An...Ch. 19 - A small, 2.00-g plastic ball is suspended by a...Ch. 19 - Two point charges qA = 12.0 C and qB = 45.0 C and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 69PCh. 19 - Prob. 70PCh. 19 - Prob. 71PCh. 19 - Two small spheres of mass m are suspended from...Ch. 19 - Two infinite, nonconducting sheets of charge are...Ch. 19 - Consider the charge distribution shown in Figure...Ch. 19 - A solid, insulating sphere of radius a has a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 76PCh. 19 - Prob. 77PCh. 19 - Prob. 78P
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