Chapter 18, Problem 9A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The oxidation state of all atoms in ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction: Oxidation state indicates the number assigned to an element in a compound, which indicates the number of electrons transfer by the atom of that element.

It can be calculated with the help of standard oxidation states of certain elements like halogens with -1 oxidation state, alkali metals with +1 and alkaline earth metals with +2 oxidation state whereas O shows -2 oxidation state.

Answer to Problem 9A

• C= +4
• Br = -1

Explanation of Solution

Let’s assume oxidation state of C = x

Br = -1

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}\\ x+(4\times -1)=0\\ x-4=0\\ x=+4\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The oxidation state of all atoms in ${\text{HClO}}_{\text{4}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction: Oxidation state indicates the number assigned to an element in a compound, which indicates the number of electrons transfer by the atom of that element.

It can be calculated with the help of standard oxidation states of certain elements like halogens with -1 oxidation state, alkali metals with +1 and alkaline earth metals with +2 oxidation state whereas O shows -2 oxidation state.

Answer to Problem 9A

• Cl = +7
• H = +1
• O = -2

Explanation of Solution

Let’s assume oxidation state of Cl = x

O = -2

H = +1

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{HClO}}_{\text{4}}\\ (1\times +1)+x+(4\times -2)=0\\ 1+x-8=0\\ x=+7\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The oxidation state of all atoms in ${\text{K}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction: Oxidation state indicates the number assigned to an element in a compound, which indicates the number of electrons transfer by the atom of that element.

It can be calculated with the help of standard oxidation states of certain elements like halogens with -1 oxidation state, alkali metals with +1 and alkaline earth metals with +2 oxidation state whereas O shows -2 oxidation state.

Answer to Problem 9A

• P = +5
• K = +1
• O = -2

Explanation of Solution

Let’s assume oxidation state of P = x

O = -2

K = +1

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{K}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}\\ (3\times +1)+x+(4\times -2)=0\\ 3+x-8=0\\ x=+5\end{array}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The oxidation state of all atoms in ${\text{N}}_2\text{O}$ needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction: Oxidation state indicates the number assigned to an element in a compound, which indicates the number of electrons transfer by the atom of that element.

It can be calculated with the help of standard oxidation states of certain elements like halogens with -1 oxidation state, alkali metals with +1 and alkaline earth metals with +2 oxidation state whereas O shows -2 oxidation state.

Answer to Problem 9A

• N = +1
• O = -2

Explanation of Solution

Let’s assume oxidation state of N = x

O = -2

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{N}}_2\text{O}\\ (2\times x)+(-2)=0\\ 2x-2=0\\ 2x=+2\\ x=+1\end{array}$