The detailed mechanism for the given reaction of benzaldehyde with a catalytic amount of KCN is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The benzoin condensation involves the addition of two aromatic aldehydes and produces acyloin. The reaction is catalyzed by cyanide ion which acts as a nucleophile. In the first step, the cyanide ion undergoes nucleophilic addition with aromatic aldehyde and forms a cyanohydrine. The cyanohydrin, in presence of base like hydroxide ion, forms a resonance stabilized carbanion, which further adds to the second aromatic aldehyde and forms an intermediate by proton transfer. The intermediate formed then undergoes elimination of cyanide to produce a corresponding acyloin product ( α- hydroxy ketone ).

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.70P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction of benzaldehyde with a catalytic amount of KCN is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The benzoin condensation involves the addition of two aromatic aldehydes and produces acyloin. The reaction is catalyzed by cyanide ion which acts as a nucleophile. In the first step, the cyanide ion undergoes nucleophilic addition with aromatic aldehyde and forms a cyanohydrine. The cyanohydrin, in presence of base like hydroxide ion, forms a resonance stabilized carbanion, which further adds to the second aromatic aldehyde and forms an intermediate by proton transfer. The intermediate formed then undergoes elimination of cyanide to produce a corresponding acyloin product (α- hydroxy ketone).

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.70P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction of benzaldehyde with a catalytic amount of KCN is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The benzoin condensation involves the addition of two aromatic aldehydes and produces acyloin. The reaction is catalyzed by cyanide ion which acts as a nucleophile. In the first step, the cyanide ion undergoes nucleophilic addition with aromatic aldehyde and forms a cyanohydrine. The cyanohydrin, in presence of base like hydroxide ion, forms a resonance stabilized carbanion, which further adds to the second aromatic aldehyde and forms an intermediate by proton transfer. The intermediate formed then undergoes elimination of cyanide to produce a corresponding acyloin product (α- hydroxy ketone).

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.70P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The detailed mechanism for the given reaction of benzaldehyde with a catalytic amount of KCN is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

The benzoin condensation involves the addition of two aromatic aldehydes and produces acyloin. The reaction is catalyzed by cyanide ion which acts as a nucleophile. In the first step, the cyanide ion undergoes nucleophilic addition with aromatic aldehyde and forms a cyanohydrine. The cyanohydrin, in presence of base like hydroxide ion, forms a resonance stabilized carbanion, which further adds to the second aromatic aldehyde and forms an intermediate by proton transfer. The intermediate formed then undergoes elimination of cyanide to produce a corresponding acyloin product (α- hydroxy ketone).

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.70P

Interpretation Introduction