The complete and detailed mechanism for the formation of the imine from the aldehyde in Equation 18-18 is to be drawn. Concept introduction: Aldehydes react with ammonia and 1 o or 2 o amines to form imines under mildly acidic conditions. Ammonia and amines are moderately strong nucleophiles and can add reversibly to the carbonyl carbon. Activation of the carbonyl group is not necessary. The oxygen becomes negatively charged as a result of the nucleophilic addition. The negatively charged oxygen then extracts two protons from two other molecules of ammonia or amine and is converted to the good leaving group − O + H 2 . The heterolysis of this group forms a resonance stabilized carbocation. The cation extracts a proton from another molecule of ammonia or amine to form the final product as a mixture of isomers.

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.10P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the formation of the imine from the aldehyde in Equation 18-18 is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes react with ammonia and 1o or 2o amines to form imines under mildly acidic conditions. Ammonia and amines are moderately strong nucleophiles and can add reversibly to the carbonyl carbon. Activation of the carbonyl group is not necessary. The oxygen becomes negatively charged as a result of the nucleophilic addition. The negatively charged oxygen then extracts two protons from two other molecules of ammonia or amine and is converted to the good leaving group −O+H2. The heterolysis of this group forms a resonance stabilized carbocation. The cation extracts a proton from another molecule of ammonia or amine to form the final product as a mixture of isomers.

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.10P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the formation of the imine from the aldehyde in Equation 18-18 is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes react with ammonia and 1o or 2o amines to form imines under mildly acidic conditions. Ammonia and amines are moderately strong nucleophiles and can add reversibly to the carbonyl carbon. Activation of the carbonyl group is not necessary. The oxygen becomes negatively charged as a result of the nucleophilic addition. The negatively charged oxygen then extracts two protons from two other molecules of ammonia or amine and is converted to the good leaving group −O+H2. The heterolysis of this group forms a resonance stabilized carbocation. The cation extracts a proton from another molecule of ammonia or amine to form the final product as a mixture of isomers.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.10P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the formation of the imine from the aldehyde in Equation 18-18 is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Aldehydes react with ammonia and 1o or 2o amines to form imines under mildly acidic conditions. Ammonia and amines are moderately strong nucleophiles and can add reversibly to the carbonyl carbon. Activation of the carbonyl group is not necessary. The oxygen becomes negatively charged as a result of the nucleophilic addition. The negatively charged oxygen then extracts two protons from two other molecules of ammonia or amine and is converted to the good leaving group −O+H2. The heterolysis of this group forms a resonance stabilized carbocation. The cation extracts a proton from another molecule of ammonia or amine to form the final product as a mixture of isomers.

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.10P

Interpretation Introduction