A complete mechanism for the reaction in Equation 18-54 is to be proposed. Concept introduction: A nucleophilic addition reaction involves a π bond which has an atom that is relatively electron-poor (electrophilic), so it tends to undergo the addition of a nucleophile, which is electron-rich. The most common polar π bond that participates in nucleophilic addition reactions is the one in the carbonyl ( C = O ) group. To avoid exceeding the octet on the C atom attacked by the nucleophile, the π bond is broken, and the pair of electrons from the π bond becomes a lone pair on the more electronegative O atom. The immediate product of nucleophilic addition is often a strong base because it possesses a relatively unstable negative charge. Sometimes, species already present in the reaction mixture, such as the solvent, are acidic enough to protonate that product. Otherwise, we can carry out this protonation by adding an acid in a subsequent acid workup.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.35P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A complete mechanism for the reaction in Equation 18-54 is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

A nucleophilic addition reaction involves a π bond which has an atom that is relatively electron-poor (electrophilic), so it tends to undergo the addition of a nucleophile, which is electron-rich. The most common polar π bond that participates in nucleophilic addition reactions is the one in the carbonyl (C = O) group. To avoid exceeding the octet on the C atom attacked by the nucleophile, the π bond is broken, and the pair of electrons from the π bond becomes a lone pair on the more electronegative O atom. The immediate product of nucleophilic addition is often a strong base because it possesses a relatively unstable negative charge. Sometimes, species already present in the reaction mixture, such as the solvent, are acidic enough to protonate that product. Otherwise, we can carry out this protonation by adding an acid in a subsequent acid workup.

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."

Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.35P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A complete mechanism for the reaction in Equation 18-54 is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

A nucleophilic addition reaction involves a π bond which has an atom that is relatively electron-poor (electrophilic), so it tends to undergo the addition of a nucleophile, which is electron-rich. The most common polar π bond that participates in nucleophilic addition reactions is the one in the carbonyl (C = O) group. To avoid exceeding the octet on the C atom attacked by the nucleophile, the π bond is broken, and the pair of electrons from the π bond becomes a lone pair on the more electronegative O atom. The immediate product of nucleophilic addition is often a strong base because it possesses a relatively unstable negative charge. Sometimes, species already present in the reaction mixture, such as the solvent, are acidic enough to protonate that product. Otherwise, we can carry out this protonation by adding an acid in a subsequent acid workup.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.35P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A complete mechanism for the reaction in Equation 18-54 is to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

A nucleophilic addition reaction involves a π bond which has an atom that is relatively electron-poor (electrophilic), so it tends to undergo the addition of a nucleophile, which is electron-rich. The most common polar π bond that participates in nucleophilic addition reactions is the one in the carbonyl (C = O) group. To avoid exceeding the octet on the C atom attacked by the nucleophile, the π bond is broken, and the pair of electrons from the π bond becomes a lone pair on the more electronegative O atom. The immediate product of nucleophilic addition is often a strong base because it possesses a relatively unstable negative charge. Sometimes, species already present in the reaction mixture, such as the solvent, are acidic enough to protonate that product. Otherwise, we can carry out this protonation by adding an acid in a subsequent acid workup.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 18, Problem 18.35P

Interpretation Introduction