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- Chlamydomonas, a eukaryotic green alga, may be sensitive to the antibiotic erythromycin, which inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. There are two mating types in this alga, mt+ and mt-. If an mt+ cell sensitive to the antibiotic is crossed with an mt- cell that is resistant, all progeny cells are sensitive. The reciprocal cross (mt+ resistant and mt- sensitive) yields all resistant progeny cells. Assuming that the mutation for resistance is in the chloroplast DNA, what can you conclude from the results of these crosses?arrow_forwardIn rice, male sterility is controlled by maternal cytoplasmic elements. This phenotype renders the male part of rice plants (i.e. the stamen) unable to produce fertile pollen; the female parts, however, remain receptive to pollination by pollen from male fertile rice plants. However, the presence of a nuclear fertility restorer gene F restores fertility to male-sterile lines. Give the result(s) of the cross and explain the phenotype of the offspring.arrow_forwardThe expected ratio of phenotypes among the progeny of a test cross is 1:1:1:1. Out of 200 total resulting progeny, 48 occur in one of the four phenotypic classes. Given this information, which of the following must also be true? a)At least one additional cell must also contain a count of 48. b)The progeny of this cross do not conform to a 1:1:1:1ratio. c)The value of observed - expected for this cell = -2. d)Since 48 is so close to the expected value, there is no need to calculate chi square before drawing a conclusion about the ratio.arrow_forward
- The wild-type (W) Abraxas moth has large spots on its wings, but the lacticolor (L) form of this species has very small spots. Crosses were made between strains differing in this character, with the following results:Provide a clear genetic explanation of the results in these two crosses, showing the genotypes of all individual moths.arrow_forwardThree autosomal recessive mutations in yeast, all producing the same phenotype (m1, m2, and m3), are subjected to complementation analysis. Of the results shown below, which, if any, are alleles of one another? Predict the results of the cross that is not shown—that is, m2 * m3. Cross 1: m1 * m24 F1: all wild-type progeny Cross 2: m1 * m34 F1: all mutant progenyarrow_forwardOne yeast strain carries the alleles lys+ and arg+, whereas another strain has lys-3 and arg-2. The two strains were crossed toeach other, and an ascus obtained from this cross has four spores with the following genotypes: lys+ arg+, lys+ arg-2, lys-3arg+, and lys-3 arg 2. This ascus has a. a parental ditype.b. a tetratype.c. a nonparental ditype.d. either a tetratype or a nonparental ditype.arrow_forward
- In tomato, the following genes are located on chromosome 2: + tall plant d dwarf plant + uniformly green leaves m mottled green leaves + smooth fruit p pubescent (hairy) fruit Results of the cross +++ / dmp and dmp / dmp were: + + + = 470 + m p = 1 + + p = 14 d + p = 25 d + + = 0 d m p = 441 + m + = 19 d m + = 30 Identify the single and double crossovers among the progeny.arrow_forwardNicotiana tabacum is presumed to be an allotetraploid originating from a cross between N. sylvestris (the S genome) and N. tomentosa (the T genome). Each of the two parental species (2n = 24) contributed 12 chromosomes (S & T), which then doubled to form the 24 pairs of chromosomes observed in N. tabacum. a) Diagram the entire cross starting with the original parents until the formation of N. tabacum. Distinguish between chromosomes of N. sylvestris and N. tomentosa and give the chromosome number of all individuals in the cross. Include gametes in your crosses. b) A monosomic N. tabacum is crossed with N. sylvestris and produces offspring, some with 36 chromosomes and some with 35 chromosomes. Using cytological examination at meiosis, the 35-chromosome types show 11 bivalents and 13 univalents. Is this plant monosomic in the S or T genome? Show why it cannot be the other genome as part of your solutionsarrow_forwardYou perform a cross between a parent with the genotype WWiiNNttEErr and another parent that is wwllnnTTeerr. All genes are unlinked except for W and I which are 22 mu apart. You take an F1 from this cross and cross it with an individual that is wwiiNntteerr. a) What is the probability that this final cross yields an offspring that is wwiinntteerr? b) What is the probability that this final cross yields an offspring that is NNTT or Nntt. (You can ignore all of the other genes for this question.)arrow_forward
- his-l and lys-3 are alleles found in baker's yeast that require histidine and lysine for growth, respectively. A cross was made between two haploid yeasts that are his-1 lys-3 and his lys". From the analysis of 900 individual tetrads, the following numbers of tetrads were obtained: GI: 2 spores are his-1 lys* +2 spores are his* lys-3 = 8 G2: 2 spores are his-1 lys-3+ 2 spores are his* lys* = 512 G3: 1 spore is his-1 lys-3 +1 spore is his-1 lys + 1 spore is his lys-3+ 1 spore is his" lys = 380 (i) Name the ascus type of each group as P, NP or T. (ii) Are the genes linked? Explain your answer. (iii) If the genes are linked, calculate the distance between the genes.arrow_forwardIn a cross between a white-eyed female (ww) and a red-eyed male (w+Y), nearly all the progeny were either red-eyed females (w+w) or white-eyed males (wY). However, about 1 in every 2000 F1 flies had an "exceptional phenotype" and was either a white-eyed female or red-eyed male. How did Bridges explain this unexpected result? A) Crossing over B) Incomplete cytokinesis C) Incorrect synapsis D) Nondisjunction E) Pseudoautosomal regionarrow_forwardYou cross two yeast strains one is an ade auxotroph the other is a pro auxotroph and allow the diploid to sporulate. When you score each spore in the ascus you find the following proportions: 518 PD, 8 NPD, and 225 T. a.) What are the genotypes of each spore in all three types of the tetrads. b) Are these genes linked why or why not? c.) If these genes are unlinked what would you expect the progeny numbers and ratios to be? d.) What is the formula to determine the most accurate distance between these genes? If linked what is the map distance?arrow_forward
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