Concept explainers
To analyze:
Assume that the phylogenetic assignment of Plasmodium falciparum, the malarial
Introduction:
In the phylogenetic tree, species of interest are shown at the tips of the branches of the phylogenetic tree. The divergence of a single group into two descendant groups is shown at the branch point. The most recent common ancestors are found at each branch point. When two species have more related common ancestors, these species are more related, whereas when two species have less related common ancestors, these species are less related.
Non-photosynthetic early branching eukaryotic organisms do not have mitochondria as well as chloroplast. This suggests that mitochondria and chloroplast could have appeared in the eukaryotic cells at later evolutionary stages. One of the evolutionary models, endosymbiotic theory, suggests that prokaryotic endosymbionts are converted to a cell organelle. During eukaryotic evolution, heterotrophic eukaryotic cells engulf a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell that survives in symbiosis inside the heterotrophic cell from primary endosymbiosis.
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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
- Penicillin was first used in the 1940s to treat gonorrhea infections produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In 1984, according to the CDC, fewer than 1% of gonorrhea infections were caused by penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. By 1990, more than 10% of cases were penicillin resistant and a few years later the level of resistance was 95%. Explain the various ways this resistance could be spread among the cells. Could this resistance pass to other infectious bacteria from N. gonorrhoeae?arrow_forwardThe malarial form infectious for mosquitoes is called aa) gametocyte. b) trophozoite. c) sporozoite.d) schizont. e) merozoite.arrow_forwardIn the early 1930s, G. F. Gause carried out a series of experiments using two species of ciliated protists (Paramecium), which are single-celled eukaryotic protozoans. The protists were cultured together and separately, with the bacteria being the single food source. The results are shown in the figure below. (a) Based on figure, identify and explain the interaction that is taking place between P. caudatum and P. aurelia. (b) Clam shrimp, a natural predator to P. caudatum, is introduced to the culture containing both P. caudatum and P. aurelia after 24 days. Predict the impact that the clam shrimp will have on the culture and the populations. Justify your prediction.arrow_forward
- 4.1 Attine ants cultivate a garden of Leucocoprini fungus for its nourishment, while the fungus receives all its requirements for growth from the ants. The ants also promote the growth of an actinomycete, Pseudonocardia, which produces an antimicrobial compound that inhibits the growth of another fungus, Escovopsis which is a parasite of Leucocoprini. Check all the applicable interactions observed in this multi-species interaction from the choices givenarrow_forward12) Identify the most correct choice: a) All fungi reproduce by binary fission. b) Fungi are prokaryotes. 0 c) Fungi obtain nourishment via photosynthesis. d) Fungi are eukaryotes 13) A circular piece of DNA has one unique Xhol site (only one). Therefore digestion of that DNA with Xhol enzyme results in the production of two bands on an agarose gel. () True Falsearrow_forwardEven though genetically engineered mosquitoes might be developed that do not allow the reproduction of malaria protozoa, these mosquitoes would have little, if any, immediate effect on the spread of the disease. Why should this be so? What would have to happen for these mosquitoes to significantly affect the spread of malaria?arrow_forward
- Which of the following are true regarding parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa? a) they are intracellular parasites b) when they are inside cells, they exist within a parasitophorous vacuole c) the phylum includes the malaria parasites d) movement of the parasites into cells involves the action of an actomyosin motor e) they only reproduce asexuallyarrow_forwardCASE #2 A 25-year-old Peace Corps worker has just returned from service in Ethiopia. She experiences a sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms. She has no previous history of asthma. An O & P (ova and parasites) on her stool was part of the normal discharge physical, considering the area of assignment, before being released from the Peace Corps. The sample was processed according to standard laboratory procedures. Two suspicious structures were noted during the direct saline wet preparation. The first of the two structures is noted in form # 1; it measures 50 x 40 um. The second structure is depicted in form #2 and measures 18 um in diameter. Form 1 Form 2 1. Which of the structures is (are) considered a pathogenic parasite(s)? Do the presenting symptoms relate to the O & P findings? If so, explain. Look at the structure depicted in form #1. What key characteristics allow you to identify the organism? Name the organism and its stage. 2. 3.arrow_forwardWhich of the following summarizes the chronological sequence (earliest to latest) of discovery involving human malaria parasites? This is was in a lecture slide, but is also in the textbook. a) liver stages, blood stages, mosquito stages, experimental transmission by mosquito b) blood stages, mosquito stages, liver stages, experimental transmission by mosquito c) mosquito stages, blood stages, liver stages, experimental transmission by mosquito d) blood stages, mosquito stages, experimental transmission by mosquito, liver stages e) mosquito stages, liver stages, blood stages, experimental transmission by mosquitoarrow_forward
- In terms of geographical distribution, are parasitic flagellates (e.g., Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania tropica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas) cosmopolitan or localized? Explain Discuss the relationship between vector distribution of some parasites and their vectors, if any? Do they exhibit vector specificity?arrow_forwardAccording to the recent malaria report of the Department of Health, Disease and Prevention Bureau (2022), there are 4, 251 confirmed cases of malaria in the Philippines and majority of the cases are due to Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum life cycle includes gametocytes that will aid the parasite to reproduce sexually in its anopheline vectors. Examine Figure 2 below. Provide three (3) qualitative descriptions of the P. falciparum gametocyte. Write your answers in a complete sentence. Fig. 2.. Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte in thin blood smear (CDC, 2022)arrow_forwardIn 1971, Dr. Akira Endo, working at the Sankyo company in Tokyo speculated that fungi not only contained antibiotics but also inhibitors of other processes such as cholesterol metabolism. Over a period of several years, he screened more than 6,000 fungal cultures until a positive result emerged. This compound, which was named compactin, came from the blue-green mold Penicillium citrinum Pen-5 that was isolated from a rice sample collected at a grain shop in Kyoto. Based on biochemical assays, compactin is the first known statin. 1. The original kinetics data for compactin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme that was published by Dr. Endo in 1976 is shown on the right. a) Determine the Km and Vmax values for enzymatic activity. Do NOT forget the units. Answers can be expressed either as a fraction or in decimals. With No inhibitor: ; Vmax= -60 1/V, (nanomoles/min)-1 0.4 0.35+ 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 -40 -20 0 + 24 nM compactin + 70 nM compactin None T 20 40 60 1/[HMG-CoA], (mM)-1…arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning