Chapter 16, Problem 77E

Determine whether each redox occurs spontaneously in the forward direction.

a. $\text{Ni}(s)+{\text{Zn}}^{2+}(aq)\to {\text{Ni}}^{2+}(aq)+\text{Zn}(s)$

b. $\text{Ni}(s)+{\text{Pb}}^{2+}(aq)\to {\text{Ni}}^{2+}(aq)+\text{Pb}(s)$

c. $\text{Al}(s)+3{\text{Ag}}^{+}(aq)\to 3{\text{Al}}^{3+}(aq)+\text{Ag}(s)$

d. $\text{Pb}(s)+{\text{Mn}}^{2+}(aq)\to {\text{Pb}}^{2+}(aq)+\text{Mn}(s)$