Chapter 16, Problem 16.108CHP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The following statement has to be validated.

“Spontaneous reactions are always fast”

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The following statement has to be validated.

“In any spontaneous process, the entropy of the system always increases.”

Concept Introduction:

• Entropy refers to measurement of randomness or disorderliness in the system.  More the number of molecules in a system more will be the movement of molecules and greater will be the entropy given that weak intermolecular forces prevails between molecules.
• Entropy is denoted by ‘S’ and $\Delta S$ refers to change in entropy of the system.  $\Delta S$ value positive for a phenomenon indicates the process is spontaneous – which proceeds without any external influence.  $\Delta S$ value negative for a phenomenon indicates the process is non–spontaneous – which proceeds upon some external influence.
• Spontaneous process has – positive entropy value and negative free energy, enthalpy value.
• Non-spontaneous process tends to proceed with negative entropy value and positive free energy and enthalpy.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The following statement has to be validated.

“In any spontaneous process, the entropy of the system always increases.”

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The following statement has to be validated.

“A reaction that is non-spontaneous in the forward direction is always spontaneous in the reverse direction.”