Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 16, Problem 13QP
The prospect of using gene therapy to alleviate genetic conditions is still a vision of the future. Gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency has proved to be quite promising, but many obstacles remain to be overcome. Currently, the correction of human genetic defects is done using retroviruses as vectors. For this purpose, viral genes are removed from the retroviral genome, creating a vector capable of transferring human structural genes into sites on human chromosomes within target-tissue cells. Do you see any potential problems with inserting pieces of a retroviral genome into humans? If so, are there ways to combat or prevent these problems?
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The Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule.
a) The starting material for productio of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule.
b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity in the vaccine recipient?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 16.5 - Should fertility clinics be required to disclose...Ch. 16.5 - Prob. 2EGCh. 16 - Would ISCI be an option? Why or why not? Jan, a...Ch. 16 - Jan is concerned about using ART. She wants to be...Ch. 16 - List the common infertility problems in women....Ch. 16 - Prob. 2QPCh. 16 - Prob. 3QPCh. 16 - What is the difference between gamete...Ch. 16 - Why should women consider collecting and freezing...Ch. 16 - Prob. 6QP
Ch. 16 - Researchers are learning how to transfer...Ch. 16 - Prob. 8QPCh. 16 - Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal disease that...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10QPCh. 16 - Gene therapy involves: a. the introduction of...Ch. 16 - In selecting target cells to receive a transferred...Ch. 16 - The prospect of using gene therapy to alleviate...Ch. 16 - Is gene transfer a form of eugenics? Is it...Ch. 16 - A couple who wishes to have children visits you, a...Ch. 16 - A couple has had a child born with...Ch. 16 - You are a genetic counselor, and your patient has...Ch. 16 - Prob. 18QP
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- 4) List 3 things that a potential vector must have in order to be useful. 5) Sometimes the gene for the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is used in purifying your protein of interest. Briefly explain how this is done. 6) What enzyme is used to create CDNA from MRNA?arrow_forwardThe success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work? Question 4 options: 1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4 5) 3arrow_forwardPlease help urgentlyarrow_forward
- Retroviruses may transform cells in more than one way. From the figure given below, explain the two ways by which cells are transformed. You have the purified protein overexpressed in the cell. How will you determine which pathway of expression is occurring in the cell? Promoter V-onc Retroviral DNA - Retroviral DNA Retroviral Proto- promoter oncogene Proto- V-onc oncogene Host cell DNA - Host cell DNA Excessive Lexpression Expression C-onc V-onc MRNA W MRNA Abnormal protein (hyperactive) Protein product Abnormal cell growtharrow_forwardIn the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a possible mode of therapy is to inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whcih is required for the retrovirus to be propogated by RNA-directed DNA synthesis. In the figure below, one of the substrates for RT is thymidine; and two drugs, AZT and HBY097 are known to inhibit HIV RT> (a) Thymidine; (b) AZT; (c) HBY097 Look at the structures and predict the type of inhibition (i.e. competitive or non-competitive) likely to be shown by each drug. By using knowledge on enzyme, plan an experiment that would enable you to confirm the type of inhibition by investigating enzyme kinetics and explain how you would interpret the results.Remarks: Not more than 250 words.arrow_forwardIn recombinant DNA technology, vectors are used to transfer a gene of interest in the host cells. Mention any three features of vectors that are most suitable for this purpose.arrow_forward
- 33arrow_forwardExplain how viral vectors can be used for gene therapy, and provide two examples of commonly used viral vectors. What are some of the major challenges that must be overcome to develop safer and more effective viral vectors for gene therapy?arrow_forwardGive 4 examples of transcription factors / non-structural proteins you have learned in this course? Identify the most commonly used technique for diagnosing COVID-19? And the clinical sample for each technique. …….…… virus can cause encephalitis, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, infect external genitalia, mucosal surfaces, gladiatorum, and/or other diseases. How can the infection with this virus be avoided? Suggest two ways of prevention or to destroy the virus.arrow_forward
- Cloning vectors are not just limited to bacterial plasmids. Bacteriophages and M13 phage vectors are also commonly utilized in the cloning process. State any five (5) key criteria to be an effective cloning vector.arrow_forwardOne of the reasons why phage therapy has not been applied widely is that bacteria can become resistant to bacteriophages as well, through mutations in genes encoding for specific proteins. What would be a protein in the bacterial cell that, if mutated, would make that cell resistant to phage infection?arrow_forwardPlease help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?arrow_forward
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