Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 15, Problem 14TYK
Summary Introduction

To review:

A geneticist is attempting to isolate mutations in the genes for four enzymes acting in a metabolic pathway in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Developing a hypothesis to explain that the geneticist has been able to isolate mutations in the genes for enzymes 1 and 2, but not for enzymes 3 and 4.

Introduction:

Enzymes are the proteins coded by genes (sequence of nucleotides) present in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). Different genes code for different enzymes in the cell. The enzyme binds to a substrate and subsequently forms a product. Gene is a sequence of nucleotides and if there is any change (mutation) in the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for an enzyme; the enzyme formed will have some or all of its properties changed, depending upon the type of mutation.

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Over several years, researchers learned more about proteins and the genes which code for them, the findings of which lead them to revise the original one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT one of the findings which led to revision?   a. many genes code can code for RNA molecules which never go on to produce a protein at all   b. oftentimes, many genes are required to produce a single protein, where one gene produces one polypeptide and many polypeptides together make the single protein   c. in addition to enzymes, gene products also include non-enzyme proteins like keratin and insulin   d. a single gene produces one specific enzyme   e. a single gene may code for multiple different (closely related) polypeptides
Galactosemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize the sugar galactose. People with galactosemia suffer from liver, kidney, and brain damage among other symptoms. A gene mutation underlying galactosemia was identified by sequencing the genome of a person with galactosemia. What additional evidence would support the hypothesis that the mutation in the candidate gene causes the disease?
Biochemistry: Site-directed mutagenesis, in which individual amino acid residues are replaced with others, is a powerful method to study enzyme mechanisms. In experiments with particular enzyme, various lysine residues were replaced with aspartate, yielding the results summarized in the table below: Enzyme Form: Enzyme Activity (U/mg) Native enzyme: 1,000 U/mg Recombinant Lys 21 to Asp 21: 970 U/mg Recombinant Lys 86 to Asp 86: 100 U/mg Recombinant Lys 101 to Asp 101: 970 U/mg a. What might be inferred about the role of Lys 21, 86, and 101 in the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme? b. Discuss where within the enzyme one might find Lys 21 and 101. Are these residues likely to be evolutionary conserved in this enzyme? Explain c. Is Lys position 86 likely to be evolutionary conserved? Explain
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