Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of
(a)
Answer to Problem 14.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.
Explanation of Solution
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a
The structure of butyrate is,
The structure of succinate is,
Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.
(b)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(b)
Answer to Problem 14.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.
Explanation of Solution
Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,
Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,
Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.
(c)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(c)
Answer to Problem 14.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.
Explanation of Solution
β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,
Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,
β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.
(d)
Interpretation:
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(d)
Answer to Problem 14.105EP
The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.
Explanation of Solution
Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,
Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,
Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a
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Chapter 14 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
- Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction LiNO3arrow_forwardAn unknown weak acid with a concentration of 0.410 M has a pH of 5.600. What is the Ka of the weak acid?arrow_forward(racemic) 19.84 Using your reaction roadmaps as a guide, show how to convert 2-oxepanone and ethanol into 1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde. You must use 2-oxepanone as the source of all carbon atoms in the target molecule. Show all reagents and all molecules synthesized along the way. & + EtOH H 2-Oxepanone 1-Cyclopentenecarbaldehydearrow_forward
- R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardIdentify which compound is more acidic. Justify your choice.arrow_forward
- Provide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardWhen anisole is treated with excess bromine, the reaction gives a product which shows two singlets in 1H NMR. Draw the product.arrow_forward(ii) Draw a reasonable mechanism for the following reaction: CI NaOH heat OH (hint: SNAr Reaction) :arrow_forward
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