Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
HMG-CoA is encountered in the process (1) glycerol
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as β-oxidation pathway.
Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which
Triacylglycerol mobilization is an ongoing process in which triacylglycerols that are stored in the adipose tissue are hydrolyzed. Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of triacylglycerol mobilization. The products are released into the bloodstream.
After entering the bloodstream, the glycerol travels to the kidneys or liver. The first stage of glycerol metabolism occurs in the liver or kidney where it is converted to
(a)

Answer to Problem 14.104EP
HMG-CoA is encountered in ketogenesis.
Explanation of Solution
HMG-CoA is produced in step 2 in ketogenesis.
Step 2 is a condensation reaction. In step 2, acetoacetyl CoA reacts with acetyl CoA and water to produce 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl (HMG-CoA) and CoA-SH. The reaction for step 2 is:
(b)
Interpretation:
NADPH is encountered in the process (1) glycerol metabolism to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, (2) β-oxidation pathway, (3) ketogenesis, and (4) lipogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as β-oxidation pathway.
Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.
Triacylglycerol mobilization is an ongoing process in which triacylglycerols that are stored in the adipose tissue are hydrolyzed. Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of triacylglycerol mobilization. The products are released into the bloodstream.
After entering the bloodstream, the glycerol travels to the kidneys or liver. The first stage of glycerol metabolism occurs in the liver or kidney where it is converted to
(b)

Answer to Problem 14.104EP
NADPH is encountered in lipogenesis.
Explanation of Solution
NADPH acts as the reducing agent in step 2 and 4 of the cyclic process of lipogenesis. NADPH gets oxidized to form NADP+.
Step 2 involves the hydrogenation of acetoacetyl ACP to synthesis β-hydroxybutyrylwith the help of reducing agent NADPH. The reaction of this step is:
Step 4 again involves hydrogenation reaction. In this step, crotonyl ACP is converted to butyryl ACP with the help of reducing agent NADPH. The reaction of this step is:
(c)
Interpretation:
Malonyl ACP is encountered in the process (1) glycerol metabolism to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, (2) β-oxidation pathway, (3) ketogenesis, and (4) lipogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as β-oxidation pathway.
Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.
Triacylglycerol mobilization is an ongoing process in which triacylglycerols that are stored in the adipose tissue are hydrolyzed. Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of triacylglycerol mobilization. The products are released into the bloodstream.
After entering the bloodstream, the glycerol travels to the kidneys or liver. The first stage of glycerol metabolism occurs in the liver or kidney where it is converted to
(c)

Answer to Problem 14.104EP
Malonyl ACP is encountered in lipogenesis.
Explanation of Solution
Malonyl ACP is the reactant in step 1 in the cyclic process in lipogenesis.
The first step involves the condensation reaction between acetyl ACP and malonyl ACP. The product formed in the first reaction is acetoacetyl ACP. The reaction of step 1 is:
(d)
Interpretation:
Acetoacetyl CoA is encountered in the process (1) glycerol metabolism to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, (2) β-oxidation pathway, (3) ketogenesis, and (4) lipogenesis has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. The fatty acid is synthesized in two parts. In the first part, there is citrate-malate shuttle system and in the second part, there is a cyclic process to synthesize saturated fatty acid.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as β-oxidation pathway.
Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies our organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. These molecules of acetyl CoA undergo the process of condensation twice, followed by chain cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.
Triacylglycerol mobilization is an ongoing process in which triacylglycerols that are stored in the adipose tissue are hydrolyzed. Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of triacylglycerol mobilization. The products are released into the bloodstream.
After entering the bloodstream, the glycerol travels to the kidneys or liver. The first stage of glycerol metabolism occurs in the liver or kidney where it is converted to
(d)

Answer to Problem 14.104EP
Acetoacetyl CoA is encountered in ketogenesis.
Explanation of Solution
Step 2 is a condensation reaction. In step 2, acetoacetyl CoA reacts with acetyl CoA and water to produce 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl (HMG-CoA) and CoA-SH. The reaction for step 2 is:
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 14 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
- Synthesize 2-Ethyl-3-methyloxirane from dimethyl(propyl)sulfonium iodide using the necessary organic or inorganic reagents. Draw the structures of the compounds.arrow_forwardSynthesize 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetonitrile from phenylmethanol using the necessary organic or inorganic reagents. Draw the structures of the compounds.arrow_forwardSynthesize N-Methylcyclohexylamine from cyclohexanol using the necessary organic or inorganic reagents. Draw the structures of the compounds.arrow_forward
- Synthesize N-Methylcyclohexylamine from cyclohexanol using the necessary organic or inorganic reagents. Draw the structures of the compounds.arrow_forwardIf possible, please provide the formula of the compound 3,3-dimethylbut-2-enal.arrow_forwardSynthesize 1,4-dibromobenzene from acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide) using the necessary organic or inorganic reagents. Draw the structures of the compounds.arrow_forward
- Indicate the products obtained by mixing (3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide with sodium hydride.arrow_forwardWe mix N-ethyl-2-hexanamine with excess methyl iodide and followed by heating with aqueous Ag2O. Indicate the major products obtained.arrow_forwardIndicate the products obtained by mixing acetophenone with iodine and NaOH.arrow_forward
- Indicate the products obtained by mixing 2-Propanone and ethyllithium and performing a subsequent acid hydrolysis.arrow_forwardIndicate the products obtained if (E)-2-butenal and 3-oxo-butanenitrile are mixed with sodium ethoxide in ethanol.arrow_forwardQuestion 3 (4 points), Draw a full arrow-pushing mechanism for the following reaction Please draw all structures clearly. Note that this intramolecular cyclization is analogous to the mechanism for halohydrin formation. COH Br + HBr Brarrow_forward
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic And Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305081079Author:STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)Publisher:Cengage Learning,
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning



