HUMAN PHYSIO W/ APR & PHILS (LL) PKG
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781265382353
Author: Fox
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 12, Problem 8CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate along with its significance.
Introduction:
The glucose is a major source for the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the process of
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Draw a figure illustrating the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate, and explainthe physiological significance of this relationship.
Shortly after a person dies, Calcium ions diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the body becomes very stiff and rigid, a phenomenon called rigor mortis (stiffness + death). Given ATP’s role in myosin head movement, propose an explanation for rigor mortis.
Discuss the steps in the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin and how these steps are coupled to the binding and unbinding of actin, promoting mechanical motion.
Chapter 12 Solutions
HUMAN PHYSIO W/ APR & PHILS (LL) PKG
Ch. 12 - Describe the actions of muscles when they...Ch. 12 - Describe the different levels of muscle structure,...Ch. 12 - Define the terms motor unit and innervation ratio...Ch. 12 - Using the concept of recruitment, explain how...Ch. 12 - With reference to the sliding filament theory,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3bCPCh. 12 - Describe a cycle of cross-bridge activity during...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4bCPCh. 12 - Use a flowchart to show the sequence of events...Ch. 12 - Prob. 5bCP
Ch. 12 - Explain how graded contractions and smooth,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6bCPCh. 12 - Prob. 7aCPCh. 12 - Describe the relationship between the resting...Ch. 12 - Prob. 8CPCh. 12 - Prob. 9CPCh. 12 - Explain the different causes of muscle fatigue...Ch. 12 - Prob. 11CPCh. 12 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 12 - Describe all of the events that occur from the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13CPCh. 12 - Explain the significance of reciprocal innervation...Ch. 12 - Describe the functions of gamma motor neurons and...Ch. 12 - Explain how cardiac muscle differs from skeletal...Ch. 12 - Contrast the structure of a smooth muscle cell...Ch. 12 - Distinguish between single-unit and multiunit...Ch. 12 - Describe the events by which depolarization of a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 1RACh. 12 - Prob. 2RACh. 12 - Prob. 3RACh. 12 - Prob. 4RACh. 12 - Prob. 5RACh. 12 - Prob. 6RACh. 12 - Prob. 7RACh. 12 - Electrical excitation of a muscle fiber most...Ch. 12 - The energy for muscle contraction is most directly...Ch. 12 - Prob. 10RACh. 12 - Prob. 11RACh. 12 - Prob. 12RACh. 12 - Which of these types of muscle cells are not...Ch. 12 - Prob. 14RACh. 12 - In an isotonic muscle contraction,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RACh. 12 - Prob. 17RACh. 12 - Prob. 18RACh. 12 - Using the concept of motor units, explain how...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20RACh. 12 - Explain why the myosin heads don't bind to the...Ch. 12 - Using the sliding filament theory of contraction,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 23RACh. 12 - Prob. 24RACh. 12 - Prob. 25RACh. 12 - What changes occur in muscle metabolism as the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 27RACh. 12 - Compare cardiac muscle, single-unit smooth muscle,...Ch. 12 - Your friend eats huge helpings or pasta for two...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30RACh. 12 - Prob. 31RACh. 12 - How is electrical excitation of a skeletal muscle...Ch. 12 - Prob. 33RACh. 12 - Prob. 34RACh. 12 - Prob. 35RACh. 12 - Prob. 36RACh. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...Ch. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...Ch. 12 - Prob. 39RACh. 12 - Refer to figure 12.22 to answer the following...
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- Describe the protein structures involved in muscle contraction. Illustratearrow_forwardThe filaments of skeletal muscle are moved by free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP. During sustained muscle contraction ATP levels remain fairly constant, while levels of creatine phosphate fall. Explain why this is so. Under what circumstances is an oxygen debt incurred during muscle contraction?arrow_forwardThe ability of myosin to walk along an actin filament may be observed with the aid of an appropriately equipped microscope. Describe how such assays are typically performed. Why is ATP required in these assays? How can such assays be used to determine the direction of myosin movement or the force produced by myosin?arrow_forward
- A few hours after the death of an animal, the corpse will stiffen as a result of continued contraction of muscle tissue (this state is called rigor mortis). This phenomenon is the result of the loss of ATP production in muscle tissue. (a) Consult Figure 7.48 and describe, in terms of the six-step model of mus- de contraction, how a lack of ATP in sarcomeres would result in rigor mortis. (b) The Ca* transporter in sarcomeres that keeps the [Ca*)-10-7 M requires ATP to drive transport of Ca* ions across the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How would a loss of this Ca* transport func- tion result in the initiation of rigor mortis? (c) Rigor mortis is maximal at - 12 hrs after death, and by 72 hrs is no longer observed. Propose an explanation for the disappearance of rigor mortis after 12 hrs.arrow_forwardDescribe the contraction of a muscle fiber, starting with what events take place at the neuromuscular junction, explaining how depolarization along the length of the sarcolemma occurs, the role of calcium (where it is released, what it binds to, etc.), and the events that occur after calcium binds to troponin. Draw a few simple, labelled diagrams of a neuromuscular junction and sarcomere and outline the steps of excitation-contraction coupling, including power stroke, recovery stroke, formation of cross bridges, role of ATP, etc.arrow_forwardDescribe the two mechanisms by which muscle glycogen is broken down to glucose (glycogenolysis) for use in glycolysis. Which one is activated at the same time as muscle contraction?arrow_forward
- During the cross-bridge in muscle cells, myosin motors hydrolyzes ATP as a fuel to create a pulling force on actin fibers. Please describe1) the myosin motors undergo different steps of ATP hydrolysis2) the state of the ATP nucleotide affects the binding and position of the myosin motor with respect to the actin fiberarrow_forwardAs mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…arrow_forwardDistinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in terms of location and whether they have sarcomeres. Use the sliding filament model to draw how thin filaments, thick filaments, and Z lines move during muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of acetylcholine release, reception, or breakdown will influence muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, or calcium would influence muscle contraction. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Predict how changes in stress levels or situations would affect activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and blood pressure.arrow_forward
- Impairment of intracellular calcium homeostasis in muscle fibers lead to chronic, severe muscle dysfunction. Impaired Calcium ATPase activity can lead to abnormal, persistent elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations. Explain how persistently high intracellular calcium concentration would affect cross-bridge formation, and muscle contractions, and muscle tension? (Mention the effects on the steps involved cross bridge formation, and muscle contraction/relaxation cycle, and overall muscle tension).arrow_forwardIf you were to watch muscle tissue contract: Under a light microscope, would you see the muscle fibers get narrower, or the striations get thinner? Explain. At the EM level, focusing on one sarcomere, you would be able to see a region of thick filaments overlapping two regions of thin filaments. Use the structure of the thick filaments to explain how ONE region of thick filaments is able to pull in microfilament in two opposite directions (both toward the center of the sarcomere).arrow_forwardDescribe the position where wrist and finger are in full extension. What sensation will be felt in this position? What explains this sensation that you felt when the wrist and fingers were positioned in extension? *NOTE: Apply any of the following concepts to the explanation as deemed appropriate and connected to the situation above: Mucle Contraction, Concentric Contraction, Isometric Contraction, Eccentric Contraction, Force Velocity Curve, Stretch Reflex, Reciprocal Inhibition, Autogenic Inhibition, Length-Tension Relationshiparrow_forward
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