The product should be identified for the given reaction. Concept introduction: Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group). In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound. When a ketone reacts with a diol , the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

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Answer 1

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

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14.47 Addition of HCI to alkene X forms two alkyl halides Y and Z. exocyclic C=C X HCI CI Y + CI Z a. Label Y and Z as a 1,2-addition product or a 1,4-addition product. b.Label Y and Z as the kinetic or thermodynamic product and explain why. c. Explain why addition of HCI occurs at the indicated C=C (called an exocyclic double bond), rather than the other C=C (called an endocyclic double bond).

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 53P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product should be identified for the given reaction.

Concept introduction:

Acetals: Generally Acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

In this reaction acetone is protected as acetal by using ethylene glycol. Generally acetals are less stable compound.

When a ketone reacts with a diol, the formation of cyclic ketal takes place. The reaction takes place in the presence of an acid catalyst. An acid catalyst is to activate the carbonyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group leading to the formation of oxonium ion. The oxonium ion is again attacked by the nucleophile to form the cyclic ketal. The cyclic ketal can be five-memebered or six-memebered depending upon the diol used in the reaction.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 12.1 - Name the following compounds:Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 3P Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 4P Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 5P Ch. 12.4 - Draw the structure for each of the following: a....Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 7P Ch. 12.5 - What products are formed when the following...Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 9P Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that acetals are used to protect the ketone and aldehyde (carbonyl group).

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Chapter 12 Solutions