Chapter 12, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed in the given reaction has to be shown with the stereochemistry.

Concept Introduction:

Grignard reagent: Alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides are called as Grignard reagents.

The chemical formula of the Grignard reagent is $\text{RMgX}$.

  $\begin{array}{l}\text{Where}\\ \text{R-}\text{Alkyl}\text{or}\text{aryl or}\text{vinyl}\\ \text{X}\text{-}\text{Halogens}\text{such}\text{as}\text{Br,Cl}\text{or}\text{I}\end{array}$

Grignard reaction with ketone:

Grignard regent reacts with ketone followed by acidic work up to form secondary or tertiary alcohol.

General scheme:

  

Stereocenter: In the product of a chemical reaction, if a carbon atom has been attached with four different carbon atoms, then it is known as chiral carbon atom or stereocenter in the product. The bond of the functional group because of which a new chiral carbon is supposed to form has to be represented in solid wedge bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed in the given reaction has to be shown with the stereochemistry.

Concept Introduction:

 $NaB{H}_4$ - Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent.

 It reduces aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids into alcohols.

 General scheme:

  

Stereocenter: In the product of a chemical reaction, if a carbon atom has been attached with four different carbon atoms, then it is known as chiral carbon atom or stereocenter in the product. The bond of the functional group because of which a new chiral carbon is supposed to form has to be represented in solid wedge bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed in the given reaction has to be shown with the stereochemistry.

Concept Introduction:

Imine formation:

Aldehyde or ketone reacts with a primary amine and forms imine in mildly acidic conditions.

Example for the formation of imine is shown here:

  

• Imines contain $C=N$ .
• Imines are also called as Schiff bases, named after Hugo Schiff who described their formation.

Stereocenter: In the product of a chemical reaction, if a carbon atom has been attached with four different carbon atoms, then it is known as chiral carbon atom or stereocenter in the product. The bond of the functional group because of which a new chiral carbon is supposed to form has to be represented in solid wedge bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed in the given reaction has to be shown with the stereochemistry.

Concept Introduction:

 $LiAl{H}_4$ - Lithium aluminium hydride is a reducing agent.

It reduces aldehydes, ketones and esters into alcohol.

Conversion of ester into alcohol:

  

Stereocenter: In the product of a chemical reaction, if a carbon atom has been attached with four different carbon atoms, then it is known as chiral carbon atom or stereocenter in the product. The bond of the functional group because of which a new chiral carbon is supposed to form has to be represented in solid wedge bond.