Chapter 12, Problem 44E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{PH}}_4^{+}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 44E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PH}}_4^{+}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{PH}}_4^{+}$ phosphorous is present as the central atom and hydrogen is present as the surrounding atoms of the phosphorous. Phosphorous has $5$ valence electrons and hydrogen has $1$ valence electron. Positive charge present on the molecule indicates that one electron is lost by the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and subtracting the positive charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(5+4-1\right)$ which is $8$. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PH}}_4^{+}$ is shown below in Figure 1 and 2 respectively.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Each solid line, in Figure 2, between the phosphorous atom and the hydrogen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms present in that bond.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{PH}}_4^{+}$ are shown above in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{SeO}}_3^{2-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 44E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{SeO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{SeO}}_3^{2-}$, Selenium is present as the central atom and oxygen is present as the surrounding atom. Selenium and oxygen, both have $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that two electrons are gained by the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+6+6+6+2\right)$ which is $26$. This shows that total electrons must be $26$ or $13$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on oxygen atom and selenium atom. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{SeO}}_3^{2-}$ is shown below in Figure 3 and 4 respectively.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Each solid line, in Figure 4, between the oxygen atom and the selenium atom shows the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms present in that bond.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{SeO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown above in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 44E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$, carbon is present as the central atom and oxygen is the surrounding atom. The carbon atom has has $4$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that two electrons are gained by the the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(6+6+6+4+2\right)$ which is $24$. This shows that total electrons must be $24$ or $12$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on oxygen atom. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$ is shown below in Figure 5 and 6 respectively.

Figure 5

Figure 6

Each solid line, in Figure 6, between the carbon and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms present in that bond.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{CO}}_3^{2-}$ are shown above in Figure 5 and Figure 6.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The electron dot formula and structural formula of ${\text{BO}}_3^{3-}$ are to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

An electron dot formula is a way of representing the molecular structure in which electrons are represented by a dot. Structural formula is a way in which atoms are linked together through a solid line. This solid line represents the covalent bond. An electron dot structure is known as Lewis structure. Electron dot structure indicates the valence electrons of an atom which are involved in bonding.

Answer to Problem 44E

Electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{BO}}_3^{3-}$ is shown below.

Explanation of Solution

In molecule ${\text{BO}}_3^{3-}$, Boron is present as the central atom and oxygen is present as the surrounding atom. Boron has $3$ valence electrons and oxygen has $6$ valence electrons. Negative charge present on the molecule indicates that three electrons are gained by the molecule. Total number of electron pairs is calculated by adding the valence electrons and the negative charge present on the molecule. So, number of electrons is $\left(3+6+6+6+3\right)$ which is $24$. This shows that total electrons must be $24$ or $12$ pair of electrons. Total electrons present in each bond pair is $2$. Rest of the electrons are present as the lone pair on oxygen atoms. An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{BO}}_3^{3-}$ is shown below in Figure 7 and 8 respectively.

Figure 7

Figure 8

Each solid line, in Figure 8, between the boron and oxygen atom is the covalent bond which is made up of two electrons. This bond is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms present in that bond.

Conclusion

An electron dot structure and structural formula of ${\text{BO}}_3^{3-}$ are shown above in Figure 7 and Figure 8.