Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated. Concept introduction: Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

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Ethyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l) a) Given 7.70 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol, how many grams of ethyl butyrate would be synthesized, assuming a complete 100% yield? b) A chemist ran the reaction and obtained 5.25 g of ethyl butyrate. What was the percent yield? c) The chemist discovers a more efficient catalyst that can produce ethyl butyrate with a 78.0% yield. How many grams would be produced from 7.70 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol?

Ethyl butyrate, CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3, is an artificial fruit flavor commonly used in the food industry for such flavors as orange and pineapple. Its fragrance and taste are often associated with fresh orange juice, and thus it is most commonly used as orange flavoring.It can be produced by the reaction of butanoic acid with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst (H+): CH3CH2CH2CO2H(l)+CH2CH3OH(l)H+⟶CH3CH2CH2CO2CH2CH3(l)+H2O(l) Given 8.50 g of butanoic acid and excess ethanol, how many grams of ethyl butyrate would be synthesized, assuming a complete 100%yield? Express your answer in grams to three significant figures.

What reactions and reagents can be used to make phenol from benzene if electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are excluded and benzene is the only source of carbon?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 1P Ch. 12.2 - Write the steps for formation of...Ch. 12.3 - Prob. 3P Ch. 12.4 - How many alkyl chlorides are obtained from...Ch. 12.4 - Prob. 6P Ch. 12.5 - Prob. 8P Ch. 12.5 - a. Would chlorination or bromination produce a...Ch. 12.5 - Show how the following compounds could be prepared...Ch. 12.6 - Prob. 12P Ch. 12.7 - Prob. 13P

Solution Summary: The author explains Anti-Markovnikov's rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, h2 ions go to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides al

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