Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781285869759
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the given statement- There are two classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons-alkenes and alkynes, is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrocarbons consists of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They are further classified as saturated or unsaturated on the basis that the hydrocarbon has all single bonds, or it involves double or triple bond also.

The hydrocarbon that has all single bond is called as alkane with the general formula CnH2n+2

The hydrocarbon that has at least one double bond is called as alkene wit the general formula CnH2n

The hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond is called as alkyne wit the general formula CnH2n2

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 12.11P

There are two classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons-alkenes and alkynes. Thus, the statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

Hydrocarbons consists of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. They are further classified as saturated or unsaturated on the basis that the hydrocarbon has all single bonds or it involves double or triple bond also.

The hydrocarbon that has all single bond is called as alkane with the general formula CnH2n+2

Example- Ethane

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  1

The hydrocarbon that has at least one double bond is called as alkene with the general formula CnH2n

Example- Ethene

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  2

The hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond is called as alkyne with the general formula CnH2n2

Example- Ethyene

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  3

Since all the bonds in alkenes and alkynes are not single bonds, they are unsaturated hydrocarbons

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the given statement- The bulk of the ethylene used by the chemical industry worldwide is obtained from renewable resources , is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

Ethylene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, with the formulaC2H4 and structure given as-

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  4

Renewable sources are those sources which when used once can be generated again.e.g. solar energy is a renewable source of energy.

Non-renewable sourcesare those sources which when used once are generated after millions of years e.g. coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of energy.

The bulk of the ethylene used by the chemical industry worldwide is obtained from non-renewable resources. Thus, the statement is true.

There are several methods by which ethylene is extracted

  1. Steam Cracking of-
  2. Ethane and propane from natural gas or crude oil
  3. Naptha from crude oil
  4. Catalytic cracking of gas oil from crude oil

Crude oil and natural gas both are non-renewable sources. Therefore, the bulk of the ethylene used by the chemical industry worldwide is obtained from non-renewable resources

(c)

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the give statement- Ethylene and acetylene are constitutional isomers, is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula. For example- 2-Chloro butane and 1-Chloro butane are constitutional isomers.

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  5Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  6

2-Chlorobutane      1-Chlorobutane

Ethylene and acetylene are not constitutional isomers. Thus, the statement is false.

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula.

The molecular formula for ethylene

  C2H4

The structural formula for ethylene-

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  7

The molecular formula for acetylene

  C2H2

The structural formula for acetylene-

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  8

Since ethylene and acetylene neither have same molecular formula nor structural formula. So they are not constitutional formula.

(d)

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the give statement- Cyclohexane and 1-hexene are constitutional isomers, is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula. For example- 2-Chloro butane and 1-Chloro butane are constitutional isomers.

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  9Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  10

2-Chlorobutane      1-Chlorobutane

Cyclohexane and 1-hexene are constitutional isomers. Thus, the statement is true.

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula.

The molecular formula for Cyclohexane

  C6H12

The structural formula for Cyclohexane -

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  11

Cyclohexane

The molecular formula for 1-hexene

  C6H12

The structural formula for 1-hexene -

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  12

1-hexene

Since, cyclohexane and 1-hexene have same molecular formula and structural formula so, they are constitutional formula.

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 12.11P

The bulk of the ethylene used by the chemical industry worldwide is obtained from non-renewable resources. Thus, the statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

There are several methods by which ethylene is extracted

  1. Steam Cracking of-
  2. Ethane and propane from natural gas or crude oil
  3. Naptha from crude oil
  4. Catalytic cracking of gas oil from crude oil

Crude oil and natural gas both are non-renewable sources. Therefore, the bulk of the ethylene used by the chemical industry worldwide is obtained from non-renewable resources

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the give statement- Ethylene and acetylene are constitutional isomers, is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula. For example- 2-Chloro butane and 1-Chloro butane are constitutional isomers.

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  13Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  14

2-Chlorobutane      1-Chlorobutane

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 12.11P

Ethylene and acetylene are not constitutional isomers. Thus, the statement is false.

Explanation of Solution

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula.

The molecular formula for ethylene

  C2H4

The structural formula for ethylene-

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  15

The molecular formula for acetylene

  C2H2

The structural formula for acetylene-

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  16

Since ethylene and acetylene neither have same molecular formula nor structural formula. So they are not constitutional formula.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To analyze whether the give statement- Cyclohexane and 1-hexene are constitutional isomers, is true or false.

Concept Introduction:

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula. For example- 2-Chloro butane and 1-Chloro butane are constitutional isomers.

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  17Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  18

2-Chlorobutane      1-Chlorobutane

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 12.11P

Cyclohexane and 1-hexene are constitutional isomers. Thus, the statement is true.

Explanation of Solution

There are compounds which have same constituents but differ in the arrangement of atoms in space. The constitutional isomers are those compounds that have same molecular formula but different structural formula.

The molecular formula for Cyclohexane

  C6H12

The structural formula for Cyclohexane -

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  19

Cyclohexane

The molecular formula for 1-hexene

  C6H12

The structural formula for 1-hexene -

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, Chapter 12, Problem 12.11P , additional homework tip  20

1-hexene

Since, cyclohexane and 1-hexene have same molecular formula and structural formula so, they are constitutional formula.

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Chapter 12 Solutions

Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry

Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.11PCh. 12 - Answer true or false. Both ethylene and acetylene...Ch. 12 - 12-13 What is the difference in structure between...Ch. 12 - There are three compounds with the molecular...Ch. 12 - 12-15 Name and draw structural formulas for all...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.16PCh. 12 - Draw a structural formula for at least one...Ch. 12 - Each carbon atom in ethane and in ethylene is...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.19PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.20PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.21PCh. 12 - 12*22 Draw a structural formula for each compound....Ch. 12 - 12-23 Draw a structural formula for each compound....Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.24PCh. 12 - 12-25 Write the IUPAC name for each unsaturated...Ch. 12 - Explain why each name is incorrect and then write...Ch. 12 - 12-27 Explain why each name is incorrect and then...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.28PCh. 12 - 12-29 Which of these alkenes show cis-trans...Ch. 12 - 12-30 Which of these alkenes shows cis-trans...Ch. 12 - 12-31 Cyclodecene exists as both cis and trans...Ch. 12 - Arachidonic acid is a naturally occurring C„o...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.33PCh. 12 - If you examine the structural formulas for the...Ch. 12 - 12*35 For each molecule that shows eis-trans...Ch. 12 - Name and draw structural formulas for all...Ch. 12 - /3-Ocimene, a triene found in the fragrance of...Ch. 12 - Answer true or false. Alkenes and alkynes are...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.39PCh. 12 - 12-40 Define alkene addition reaction. Write an...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.41PCh. 12 - 12-42 Complete these equations.Ch. 12 - Draw structural formulas for all possible...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.44PCh. 12 - 12-45 Draw a structural formula for the product of...Ch. 12 - Draw a structural formula for an alkene with the...Ch. 12 - 12-47 Draw a structural formula for an alkene with...Ch. 12 - Draw a structural formula for an alkene with the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.49PCh. 12 - 12-50 Draw the structural formula of an alkene...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.51PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.52PCh. 12 - Following is the structural formula of...Ch. 12 - Propose an explanation for the following...Ch. 12 - There are nine alkenes with the molecular formula...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.56PCh. 12 - 12-57 Hydrocarbon A, Cf,Hs, reacts with 2 moles of...Ch. 12 - 12-58 Show how to convert ethylene to these...Ch. 12 - 12-59 Show how to convert 1-butene to these...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.60PCh. 12 - 12-61 (Chemical Connections 12A) What is one...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.62PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.63PCh. 12 - 12-64 (Chemical Connections 120 What is the...Ch. 12 - (Chemical Connections 120 Assume that 1 X IO-12 g...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.66PCh. 12 - 12-67 (Chemical Connections 12D ) In which isomer...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.68PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.69PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.70PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.71PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.72PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.73PCh. 12 - Propose a structural formula for the product!s)...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.75PCh. 12 - Draw the structural formula of an alkene that...Ch. 12 - 12-77 Show how to convert cyclopentene into these...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.78PCh. 12 - Prob. 12.79PCh. 12 - In omega-3 fatty adds, the last carbon of the last...Ch. 12 - Prob. 12.81P
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