Prescott's Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259281594
Author: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood Adjunt Professor Lecturer, Christopher J. Woolverton Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 11.6, Problem 4RIA
Summary Introduction
The Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway is active during the
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About the process of industrial production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mark the correct alternatives:
(a) the cells must be cultured in anaerobic conditions to activate the metabolic pathway of ethanol production
(b). the presence of oxygen is required to allow regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor
(c). good oxygenation of the medium is important to favor the formation of greater amounts of ATP
(d).the production of ethanol is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol
(e). the sugar present in the culture medium is completely oxidized to CO2 and water
*Determine the ATP yield from the metabolism of one molecule of
glucose under the following conditions:
a)
b)
c)
in a mammalian muscle cell carrying out anaerobic glycolysis.
in Escherichia coli, an aerobic prokaryote
in a mammalian brown fat cell, in which electron transport
occurs without producing ATP
The electron-transport chain consists of a number of multi protein complexes, which work in conjunction to pass electrons from an electron carrier, such as NADH, to O2. What is the role of these complexes in ATP synthesis? It has been demonstrated that respiration supercomplexes contain all the protein components necessary for respiration. Why is this beneficial for ATP synthesis, and what is one way that the existence of super complexes has been demonstrated experimentally? Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is not a protein, but a small, hydrophobic molecule. Why is it important for the functioning of the electron transport chain that CoQ is a hydrophobic molecule?
Chapter 11 Solutions
Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Discuss the ways in which...Ch. 11.1 - Describe the nutritional requirements of the major...Ch. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Compare...Ch. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What are the three major...Ch. 11.2 - Is NAD+ reduced to NADH in the catabolic or...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1RIACh. 11.2 - Why is it to a cells advantage to catabolize...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 3RIACh. 11.4 - Which reactions are examples of substrate-level...Ch. 11.4 - For what kinds of reactions is NADPH used?
Ch. 11.4 - For what macromolecule is ribose 5-phosphate a...Ch. 11.4 - Summarize the major features of the...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.5 - Identify the substrate and products of the TCA...Ch. 11.5 - What chemical intermediate links pyruvate to the...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 3RIACh. 11.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply In what eukaryotic...Ch. 11.5 - Why is it desirable for a microbe with the...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.6 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.6 - Prob. 1RIACh. 11.6 - Describe the current model of oxidative...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 3RIACh. 11.6 - Prob. 4RIACh. 11.7 - Prob. 1RIACh. 11.7 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.7 - Prob. 3RIACh. 11.8 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.8 - Prob. 1RIACh. 11.8 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.8 - Briefly describe alcoholic, lactic acid, mixed...Ch. 11.8 - Prob. 4RIACh. 11.8 - Prob. 5RIACh. 11.9 - What is the difference between a hydrolase and...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Briefly discuss the ways in...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Describe how a...Ch. 11.10 - How do chemolithotrophs obtain their ATP and...Ch. 11.10 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.10 - Why can hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria and archaea...Ch. 11.10 - What is reverse electron flow and why do many...Ch. 11.10 - Arsenate is a compound that inhibits...Ch. 11.11 - When electrons from P700 are used to reduce NADP+,...Ch. 11.11 - Define the following terms: light reactions, dark...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 2RIACh. 11.11 - What is the function of accessory pigments?Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 4RIACh. 11.11 - Compare and contrast anoxygenic phototrophy and...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 6RIACh. 11 - Without looking in chapters 21 and 22, predict...Ch. 11 - From an evolutionary perspective, discuss why most...Ch. 11 - How would you isolate a thermophilic...Ch. 11 - Certain chemicals block ATP synthesis by allowing...Ch. 11 - Prob. 5CHICh. 11 - A cyanobacterium having photosystem I but not...Ch. 11 - Review the description of the Berkeley Pit Lake in...Ch. 11 - The archaeon Metallosphaera sedula is of great...Ch. 11 - Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria have been thought to be...
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- Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?arrow_forwardCellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➔ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30-32 ATP + heat Alcoholic Fermentation: C6H12O6 ➔ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP + heat Lactic Acid Fermentation: C6H12O6 ➔ 2CH3CHOHCOO- + 2ATP + heat Based on the equations above, which method of breaking down glucose is most efficient? Include evidence that supports your claim.arrow_forwardImagine that the concentrations of reactants and products for the coupled reactions above in the cell are at a level that yields a smaller molar ratio of the concentrations than those relevant to the standard state conditions. Would the net free energy of coupled glucose breakdown and ATP synthesis be more or less favorable than the answer for net free energy of coupled glucose breakdown and ATP synthesis in organism in standard conditions. Please explain answerarrow_forward
- The reaction catalyzed by citrate syn- thase, shown on the right, is the first step of the TCA cycle. In glycolysis, two key reactions to produce ATP occur because an unfavorable reaction is coupled to another reaction that is thermodynamically favorable. The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase, shown on the right, is similarly coupled to an unfavorable reac- tion in the TCA cycle. Write the unfavorable reaction using structural formulas and write the key step that drives the two coupled reactions forward. What is the overall AG'o of the coupled reactions? CH3-C >=0 + S-COA Acetyl-CoA 0-C-COO- CH₂-COO Oxaloacetate H₂O COA-SH J citrate synthase CH₂-C HỌ—C—COO SO CH₂-COO Citrate AG'= -32.2 kJ/molarrow_forwardThe conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is an endergonic reaction (eql below). The second equation below is an exergonic reaction that can occur in all cells. Considering this information, how can the reaction in equation 3 proceed? EQ1: Glucose + Pj --> glucose 6-phosphate EQ2: ATP + H20 --> ADP + Pj EQ3: Glucose + ATP --> glucose 6-phosphate + ADP Select one: a. The energy required to make Eq3 spontaneous is provided by the enzyme catalyzing the reaction b. The energy released from equation 1 is more than the energy consumed in equation 2 making the overall reaction AG negative and the reaction spontaneous. c. The energy released from equation 2 is more than the energy consumed in equation 1 making the overall reaction AG positive and the reaction spontaneous. d. The energy released from equation 2 is more than the energy consumed in equation 1 making the overall reaction AG negative and the reaction spontaneous. e. The energy released from equation 1 is more than the energy…arrow_forwardPhosphofructokinase (PFK) is the key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. An Allosteric inhibitor of PFK is ATP. An allosteric activator is AMP (and low ATP concentrations in the cell). Draw the plot of the reaction velocity vs. fructose-6-phosphate substrate concentration for both the high ATP cell concentrations and low ATP/high AMP) concentrations.arrow_forward
- When ATP and xylose are added to hexokinase, the enzyme produces a small amount of xylose-5-phosphate along with a large amount of ADP. How does this observation support the induced fit model?arrow_forwardThe graph shows how the free‑energy change for the hydrolysis of ATP varies as a function of Mg2+ concentration. Note that pMg = –log[Mg2+]. What does the graph tell you about the relationship between Mg2+ concentration and ATP hydrolysis? What is the mechanism that explains the relationship between Mg2+ concentration and ATP hydrolysis?arrow_forwardYou experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III, cytochrome reductase, from participating in redox reactions. You follow this with the addition of 6 molecules of FADH2. How many total ATP molecules can be created using the number of protons that were pumped?arrow_forward
- Freshly prepared mitochondria were incubated with β-hydroxybutyrate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, Pi, and cyanide. β-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized by an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. The experimenter measured the rate of oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate andthe rate of formation of ATP.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) How many moles of ATP would you expect to be formed per mole ofβ-hydroxybutyrate oxidized in this system?(c) Why is b-hydroxybutyrate added rather than NADH?(d) What is the function of the cyanide?(e) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction occurring in thissystem (electron transport and ATP synthesis). (f) Calculate the net standard free energy change (ΔG°') in this system,using E'0 values from Table 14.1 and a ΔG°' value for ATP hydrolysisof -32.2 kJ/mol.arrow_forwardA suspension of inside-out submitochondrial particles (i.e., the F1 unit is on the outside of the particle) is placed in a solution that contains ADP, Pi, and NADH. Will increasing the proton concentration of the solution result in ATP synthesis? Explain.arrow_forwardBalance the following net reaction that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation. Use the smallest whole integers possible for the reaction stoichiometry. NADH+ FADH₂ + ADP+ 0₂+H+PO, ¹ NAD+FAD+ ATP+ +H₂Oarrow_forward
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