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Explain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?
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- Figure 13.6 Which of the following statements is true? a. Gram-positive bacteria have a single cell wall formed from peptidoglycan. b. Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane. c. The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is thick, and the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thin. d. Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of phospholipids.Explain how the Red Queen Hypothesis describes the continuously evolving relationship between red grapes and Botiytis cinerea.Yeast is a facultative anaerobe. This means that alcohol fermentation takes place only if: the temperature is close to 37°C the atmosphere does not contain oxygen sugar is provided to the cells light is provided to the cells
- Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____. a. photorophs b. auxotrophs c. chemorophs d. lithotrophsThe genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?A prokaryote converts food energy into the chemical energy of ATP on/in its: chromosome. flagella. ribosomes. cell wall. plasma membrane.
- The __________ of diplomonads and parabasalids produce ATP by an anaerobic pathway. a. trypanosomes b. hydrogenosomes c. microvilli d. flagellaWhich of the following is not a property of an endospore? a. resistant to boiling-must be autoclaved to be killed b. metabolically inactive c. can potentially survive millions of years d. provides a method to preserve bacterial DNA under harsh conditions e. is the portion of the bacterial cell that undergoes conjugationThe yeasts whose fermentation reactions produce the carbon dioxide that makes bread rise are a type of _____. a. chytrid b. zygote fungus c. sac fungus d. club fungus
- Bacteria that serve as decomposers are ___ . a. photoautotrophs b. photoheterotrophs c. chemoautotrophs d. chemoheterotrophsWhy might a light-sensing eyespot be ineffective for an obligate saprobe? Suggest an alternative organ for a saprobic protist.VISUALIZE Draw a simple sketch illustrating the way in which aerobic bacteria are hypothesized to have become incorporated into an original prokaryotic host cell.
