The structures of compounds E through I in the given reaction scheme are to be determined. Concept introduction: The triple bond in alkynes is sufficiently electron rich. The pi electrons in alkynes are easily accessible, and hence they readily show electrophilic addition reactions. Alkynes undergo acid catalyzed hydration reactions to yield a ketone . Step 1 is the electrophilic addition of proton, which produces a resonance-stabilized vinylic carbocation intermediate. In Step 2, water behaves as a nucleophile, attacking the positively charged carbon atom of that intermediate. Deprotonation in Step 3 produces the uncharged OH group, which is attached to an alkene carbon. The product of Step 3 is an enol. Under these conditions, the enol tautomerizes to the more stable keto form. Tetrafluoromethanesulfuric acid, also known as triflic acid, and 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol make it a strong acid that can be used as a catalyst in the acid-catalyzed hydration reactions of alkynes.

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 11, Problem 11.60P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of compounds E through I in the given reaction scheme are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The triple bond in alkynes is sufficiently electron rich. The pi electrons in alkynes are easily accessible, and hence they readily show electrophilic addition reactions. Alkynes undergo acid catalyzed hydration reactions to yield a ketone. Step 1 is the electrophilic addition of proton, which produces a resonance-stabilized vinylic carbocation intermediate. In Step 2, water behaves as a nucleophile, attacking the positively charged carbon atom of that intermediate. Deprotonation in Step 3 produces the uncharged OH group, which is attached to an alkene carbon. The product of Step 3 is an enol. Under these conditions, the enol tautomerizes to the more stable keto form. Tetrafluoromethanesulfuric acid, also known as triflic acid, and 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol make it a strong acid that can be used as a catalyst in the acid-catalyzed hydration reactions of alkynes.

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The free energy change, AG, in the homogenous cross-exchange ET reaction of [Ru(bpy)2]* and ferricytochrome c is -104.6 kJ mol¯1. The second-order activation-limited rate constant, kobs, is 2.5 × 108 M-1 s-1. Taking KDA = 1.0 M¹, N = 1 × 1011 s-1, and x = 1, estimate the values of AG* and 2. In what kinetic region is this reaction? Hint: By substituting the Marcus equation into the expression for the rate constant of an adiabatic homogenous ET reaction, the rate constant of a cross-exchange ET reaction may be written as (AG+2)² Ket = KVN exp - 4λRT and, by rearrangement, In Ket KV 1 (AG+ 2)² 1 AG2 1 AG == + constant 42 RT 42 RT 2 RT

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 11, Problem 11.60P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of compounds E through I in the given reaction scheme are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The triple bond in alkynes is sufficiently electron rich. The pi electrons in alkynes are easily accessible, and hence they readily show electrophilic addition reactions. Alkynes undergo acid catalyzed hydration reactions to yield a ketone. Step 1 is the electrophilic addition of proton, which produces a resonance-stabilized vinylic carbocation intermediate. In Step 2, water behaves as a nucleophile, attacking the positively charged carbon atom of that intermediate. Deprotonation in Step 3 produces the uncharged OH group, which is attached to an alkene carbon. The product of Step 3 is an enol. Under these conditions, the enol tautomerizes to the more stable keto form. Tetrafluoromethanesulfuric acid, also known as triflic acid, and 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol make it a strong acid that can be used as a catalyst in the acid-catalyzed hydration reactions of alkynes.

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Answer 3

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 11, Problem 11.60P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures of compounds E through I in the given reaction scheme are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The triple bond in alkynes is sufficiently electron rich. The pi electrons in alkynes are easily accessible, and hence they readily show electrophilic addition reactions. Alkynes undergo acid catalyzed hydration reactions to yield a ketone. Step 1 is the electrophilic addition of proton, which produces a resonance-stabilized vinylic carbocation intermediate. In Step 2, water behaves as a nucleophile, attacking the positively charged carbon atom of that intermediate. Deprotonation in Step 3 produces the uncharged OH group, which is attached to an alkene carbon. The product of Step 3 is an enol. Under these conditions, the enol tautomerizes to the more stable keto form. Tetrafluoromethanesulfuric acid, also known as triflic acid, and 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol make it a strong acid that can be used as a catalyst in the acid-catalyzed hydration reactions of alkynes.

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Answer 4

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Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 11, Problem 11.60P

Interpretation Introduction