Concept explainers
Give descriptions for the following terms:
histone proteins
nucleosome core particle
scaffold proteins
G bands
euchromatin
heterochromatin
nucleosome
chromosome territory
To review:
Describe the following terms:
a) Histone proteins
b) Nucleosome core particle
c) Scaffold proteins
d) G bands
e) Euchromatin
f) Heterochromatin
g) Nucleosome
h) Chromosome territory
Introduction:
The genome of the species is referring to the complete set of genes as well as the total of all heredity information carried in the DNA of the species. The genetic information is present in the chromosome. The eukaryotic genome and their organization are quite larger and complex than that of the prokaryotes. The prokaryotes carry
Explanation of Solution
A chromosome is a threadlike structure, made up of log DNA associated with the protein. The DNA combined with the protein is referred to as the chromatin. Chromatin stabilizes the DNA, protects the DNA from damage and compacts the chromosome efficiently so that they can fit into the nucleus of the cell.
a) Histone protein
Histone protein is the main protein in the chromatin. Histone proteins wrap themselves around the DNA to pack the DNA into the structural unit. These units are called nucleosomes. There are eight histone proteins (Octamer). Each octamer is made up of two copies of each histone protein that packed the DNA to form a nucleosome, namely
b) Nucleosome core particle
Using DNA and histone protein, the nucleosome core particle is made. It plays a very important role in the packaging of DNA in the chromosome. It consists of fourteen turns of B-form DNA around the octomer of histone protein.
c) Scaffold protein
In the chromosome, the non-histone protein remaining, after all the DNA and histone proteins are removed from a chromosome is called DNA scaffold. During the chromosome condensation DNA scaffold occurs.
d) G- the band
Chromosomes are stained with the Giemsa stain to generate the chromosome bands. This method of banding is called the Giemsa banding, and the bands appearing on the chromosomes are called the G –bands. The G- banding nomenclature uses letters and numbers to identify the major and minor bands on the chromosome. The numbering begins from the centromere of the chromosome and progresses outward along each arm of the chromosome towards the telomere. Each band on the chromosome has a specific designation given by the chromosome numbers, arm, and the band location.
e) Euchromatin
The DNA combined with the protein is referred to as the chromatin. The chromosome contains DNA which is made up of about
Euchromatin is a loosely packed form of DNA, which is active in the transcription of many cells. The DNA which in the heterochromatin form, i.e., tightly packed, converts themselves in euchromatin at the time of transcription in the cell. Euchromatin form of the DNA is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes; it contains less DNA than the heterochromatin. Therefore, it shows lightly stained region.
f) Heterochromatin
In contrast to euchromatin, heterochromatin is the tightly packed form of DNA. Heterochromatin is found only in the eukaryotes. Unlike euchromatin, heterochromatin is the transcriptionally inactive form of the DNA. Heterochromatin form of the DNA stains dark as it has a high density of DNA than euchromatin.
g) Nucleosome
The DNA wrapping itself by histone protein is referred to as the nucleosome. The nucleosome is made up of eight histone proteins (Octamer), and each octamer is made up of two copies of each histone protein that packed the DNA to form a nucleosome, namely
h) Chromosome territory
The region of the nucleus which is preferentially occupied by the particular chromosomes is the chromosome territory.
The eukaryotic genome organization has a very complicated structure in which various protein forms and structures of DNAs are involved.
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Chapter 10 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (3rd Edition)
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- Which of the following statements concerning eukaryotic chromatin is true. Histones have an overall negative charge. Euchromatin is more condensed then heterochromatin. After replication nucleosomes are made up of a mixture of old and new histone proteins. Euchromatin is associated with the centromere and telomere regions. Heterochromatin are regions of active transcription.arrow_forwardDescribe heterochromatin and euchromatin when viewed under an electron microscopearrow_forwardDescribe the differences between normal vs cancer cells as shown below: Nucleus Nucleolus Cell, membrance Cytoplasm Chromatin Strain artifact Normal cell Chromatin clumps, Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleolus Cancer cellarrow_forward
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