Chapter 1, Problem 52P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The highly covalent polarized single bond should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them. The electronegativity difference decides the direction of dipole moment. It is indicated by an arrow head from positive end towards negative end. For example, the carbonyl bond is polar with partial postive charge on carbon and partial negative charge on oxygen as illustrated below.

  

The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The highly polarized covalent double bond should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them. The electronegativity difference decides the direction of dipole moment. It is indicated by an arrow head from positive end towards negative end. For example, the carbonyl bond is polar with partial postive charge on carbon and partial negative charge on oxygen as illustrated below.

  

The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The nearly nonpolar covalent bond should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them. The electronegativity difference decides the direction of dipole moment. It is indicated by an arrow head from positive end towards negative end. For example, the carbonyl bond is polar with partial postive charge on carbon and partial negative charge on oxygen as illustrated below.

  

The difference in electronegativity gives rise to partial positive and negative charges on two atoms. The extent of polarity is quantitatively expressed as dipole moment. It is quantitatively defined as product of charges of two bonded atoms and the separation between them.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The $\text{sp}$ -hybridized carbon atom should be located in the compound.

Concept introduction:In accordance with VSEPR model, if four bonds are present around the central atom the hybridization associated is ${\text{sp}}^3$ and theses four orbitals tend to stay as far as $109.5°$ from one another so as to have minimum repulsions.

Similarly, if three bonds are present around the central atom the hybridization associated is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}$ and theses orbitals tend to stay as far as $120°$ from one another so as to have minimum repulsions.

Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated $s{p}^2$ hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated $sp$ hybridization.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The ${\text{sp}}^2$ -hybridized carbon atom should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:In accordance with VSEPR model, if four bonds are present around the central atom the hybridization associated is ${\text{sp}}^3$ and theses four orbitals tend to stay as far as $109.5°$ from one another so as to have minimum repulsions.

Similarly, if three bonds are present around the central atom the hybridization associated is ${\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}$ and theses orbitals tend to stay as far as $120°$ from one another so as to have minimum repulsions.

Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated $s{p}^2$hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated $sp$ hybridization.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The ${\text{sp}}^3$ -hybridized carbon atom should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:Sequence that determines hybridization state of an atom is as follows:

• A single bond is always associated with sigma bonds. Molecules that have all atoms connected by sigma bond exclusively are stated to be in $s{p}^3$ hybridization.
• A double bond is always associated $s{p}^2$ hybridization.
• A triple bond is always associated $sp$ hybridization.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Longest bond in the molecule should be located in the compound.

Concept introduction:Bond strength varies inversely to bond length. Stronger bonds have small bond length and vice-versa. The bond length varies inversely to bond order.

Compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer is as follows:

  

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Shortest bond in the molecule should be located in the compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer.

Concept introduction:Bond strength varies inversely to bond length. Stronger bonds have small bond length and vice-versa. The bond length varies inversely to bond order.

Compound with biological activity against cells of prostate cancer is as follows: