Chapter 1, Problem 1E.8E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element having the given configuration has to be identified.  Also whether the configuration represent ground state or not has to be identified.

Figure 1

Concept Introduction:

Electronic configuration: The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is $s,p,dandf.$  The lowest energy orbital is $ls.$

The energy order of the orbital for the first three periods is as follows,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,and3p.$

The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy; therefore the $2s$ is lower in energy than $3s.$   Accordingly $2s$ is lower in energy than $2pand4s$ is lower in energy than $3d.$

In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Electrons are filled in each orbital one after another in the increasing order of energy.  While filling the orbitals, more than two electrons can be placed in an orbital.  And also, the spin of the two electron in the same orbital must be paired.

If there are more than one orbitals in a subshell are available for filling the electron, then electrons with parallel spin goes to different subshell rather than pairing two electrons in one orbital.

If an atom having electrons in energy states higher than predicted by the above rules then it is said to be in an excited state.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element having the given configuration has to be identified.  Also whether the configuration represent ground state or not has to be identified.

Figure 2

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element having the given configuration has to be identified.  Also whether the configuration represent ground state or not has to be identified.

Figure 3

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element having the given configuration has to be identified.  Also whether the configuration represent ground state or not has to be identified.

Figure 4

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).