Chapter 1, Problem 1E.14E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of germanium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration: The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is $s,p,dandf.$  The lowest energy orbital is $ls.$

The energy order of the orbital for the first three periods is as follows,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,and3p.$

The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy; therefore the $2s$ is lower in energy than $3s.$   Accordingly $2s$ is lower in energy than $2pand4s$ is lower in energy than $3d.$

In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The germanium atom has $32$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of germanium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^2$ $\left(32electrons\right).$

Germanium belongs to Period $4$ and Group $14.$  It has a argon core with an additional fourteen valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Ar\right]3d^{10}4s^{2}4p^2\text{. }$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of cesium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The cesium atom has $55$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of cesium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{6}6s^1$ $\left(55electrons\right).$

Cesium belongs to Period $6$ and Group $1.$  It has a xenon core with one additional valence electron.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Xe\right]6s^1.$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of iridium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The iridium atom has $77$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of iridium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{6}6s^{2}4f^{14}5d^7$ $\left(77electrons\right).$

It has a xenon core with twenty three additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{7}6s^2.$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of tellurium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The tellurium atom has $52$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of tellurium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^4$ $\left(52electrons\right).$

Tellurium belongs to Period $5$ and Group $16.$  It has krypton core with seventeen additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^4.$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of thallium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The thallium atom has $81$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of thallium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{6}6s^{2}4f^{14}5d^{10}6p^1$ $\left(81electrons\right).$

Thallium belongs to Period $6$ and Group $13.$  It has xenon core with twenty additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{10}6s^{2}6p^1.$

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of plutonium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The plutonium atom has $94$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of plutonium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{6}6s^{2}4f^{14}5d^{10}6p^{6}7s^{2}5f^6$ $\left(94electrons\right).$

Plutonium has radon core with eighteen additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Rn\right]5f^{6}7s^2.$