Chapter 1, Problem 1E.13E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of silver atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration: The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is $s,p,dandf.$  The lowest energy orbital is $ls.$

The energy order of the orbital for the first three periods is as follows,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,and3p.$

The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy; therefore the $2s$ is lower in energy than $3s.$   Accordingly $2s$ is lower in energy than $2pand4s$ is lower in energy than $3d.$

In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below,

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The silver atom has $47$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of silver atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{2}4p^{6}5s^{1}4d^{10}$ $\left(47electrons\right).$

Silver belongs to Period $5$ and Group $11.$  It has a krypton core with an additional eleven valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^1.$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of beryllium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The beryllium atom has $24$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of beryllium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^2$ $\left(4electrons\right).$

Beryllium belongs to Period $2$ and Group $2.$  It has a helium core with two additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[He\right]\text{ 2}{s}^2.$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of antimony atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The antimony atom has $51$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of antimony atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^3$ $\left(51electrons\right).$

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^3.$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of gallium atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The gallium atom has $31$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of gallium atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^1$ $\left(31electrons\right).$

Gallium belongs to Period $4$ and Group $13.$  It has argon core with thirteen additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Ar\right]4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^1.$

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of tungsten atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The tungsten atom has $74$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of tungsten atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^{6}6s^{2}4f^{14}5d^4$ $\left(74electrons\right).$

Tungsten belongs to Period $4$ and Group $18.$  It has xenon core with twenty additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Xe\right]4f^{14}5d^{4}6s^2.$

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state configuration of iodine atom has to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

Refer to part (a).

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is depends on the electrons in the atom.  The iodine atom has $53$ electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below;

    $ls,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6d,7p,8s,\mathrm{...}$

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of iodine atom is $l{s}^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{10}4p^{6}5s^{2}4d^{10}5p^5$ $\left(53electrons\right).$

Rubidium belongs to Period $5$ and Group $17.$  It has krypton core with eighteen additional valence electrons.

The electronic configuration also can be written as follows,

    $\left[Kr\right]4d^{10}5s^{2}5p^5.$