Organic Chemistry
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780073402772
Author: Janice G. Smith
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 1, Problem 1.78P
Answer the following questions about acetonitrile (
a. Determine the hybridization of both
b. Label all bonds as
c. In what type of orbital does the lone pair on
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Answer the following questions about acetonitrile (CH3C≡N:).
a. Determine the hybridization of both C atoms and the N atom.
b. Label all bonds as σ or π.
c. In what type of orbital does the lone pair on N reside?
d. Label all bonds as polar or nonpolar.
1.Complete the structure for anthracene, C14H10, by adding bonds and hydrogen atoms as necessary.
2.What type of hybrid orbitals are utilized by carbon in anthracene?
3. How many σ bonds and π bonds are there in an anthracene molecule?
4.How many valence electrons occupy σ‑bond orbitals, and how many occupy π‑bond orbitals?
I don't understand hybridization, so I'm having trouble answering these questions.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Ch. 1 - While the most common isotope of nitrogen has a...Ch. 1 - Label each bond in the following compounds as...Ch. 1 - How many covalent bonds are predicted for each...Ch. 1 - Draw a valid Lewis structure for each species. a....Ch. 1 - Draw an acceptable Lewis structure for each...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.6PCh. 1 - Draw a Lewis structure for each ion. a. CH3Ob....Ch. 1 - Draw Lewis structures for each molecular formula....Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.9PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.10P
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.11PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.12PCh. 1 - Draw a second resonance structure for each...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.14PCh. 1 - Draw a second resonance structure for nitrous...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.16PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.17PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.18PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.19PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.20PCh. 1 - Simplify each condensed structure by using...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.22PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.23PCh. 1 - Convert each skeletal structure to a complete...Ch. 1 - Draw in all hydrogens and lone pairs on the...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.26PCh. 1 - What orbitals are used to form each of the CC, and...Ch. 1 - What orbitals are used to form each bond in the...Ch. 1 - Determine the hybridization around the highlighted...Ch. 1 - Classify each bond in the following molecules as ...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.31PCh. 1 - Rank the following atoms in order of increasing...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.33PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.34PCh. 1 - Provide the following information about...Ch. 1 - Use the ball-and-stick model to answer each...Ch. 1 - Citric acid is responsible for the tartness of...Ch. 1 - Zingerone gives ginger its pungent taste. a.What...Ch. 1 - Two radioactive isotopes of iodine used for the...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.40PCh. 1 - Assign formal charges to each carbon atom in the...Ch. 1 - Assign formal charges to each N and O atom in the...Ch. 1 - Draw one valid Lewis structure for each compound....Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.44PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.45PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.46PCh. 1 - Draw all possible isomers for each molecular...Ch. 1 - 1.45 Draw Lewis structures for the nine isomers...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.49PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.50PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.51PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.52PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.53PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.54PCh. 1 - Draw all reasonable resonance structures for each...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.56PCh. 1 - Rank the resonance structures in each group in...Ch. 1 - 1.56 Consider the compounds and ions with curved...Ch. 1 - 1.57 Predict all bond angles in each...Ch. 1 - Predict the geometry around each indicated atom....Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.61PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.62PCh. 1 - Draw in all the carbon and hydrogen atoms in each...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.64PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.65PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.66PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.67PCh. 1 - Each of the following condensed or skeletal...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.69PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.70PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.71PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.72PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.73PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.74PCh. 1 - Two useful organic compounds that contain Cl atoms...Ch. 1 - Use the symbols + and to indicate the polarity of...Ch. 1 - Label the polar bonds in each molecule. Indicate...Ch. 1 - Answer the following questions about acetonitrile...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.79PCh. 1 - The principles of this chapter can be applied to...Ch. 1 -
a. What is the hybridization of each N atom in...Ch. 1 - 1.77 Stalevo is the trade name for a medication...Ch. 1 - 1.78 and are two highly reactive carbon...Ch. 1 - 1.79 The N atom in (acetamide) is hybridized,...Ch. 1 - Prob. 1.85PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.86PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.87PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.88PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.89PCh. 1 - Prob. 1.90P
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- 7.59 What type of hybrid orbital is generated by combining the valence s orbital and all three valence p orbitals of an atom? How many hybrid orbitals result?arrow_forwardPredict the valence electron molecular orbital configurations for the following, and state whether they will be stable or unstable ions. (a) Na,2+ (b) Mg,2 (c) AI,2 (d) Si,2 (e) p2+ (f) s,2 (g) F,2 (h) Ar,2 40. Predict the valence electron molecular orbital configurations for the following, and state whether they will be stable or unstable ions. (a) Na22+ (b) Mg22+ (c) Al22+ (d) Si22+ (e) P22+ (f) S22+ (g) F22+ (h) Ar22+arrow_forwardWhich atomic orbitals overlap to form the bonds in ClF?arrow_forward
- Lets look more closely at the process of hybridization. (a) What is the relationship between the number of hybrid orbitals produced and the number of atomic orbitals used to create them? (b) Do hybrid atomic orbitals form between different p orbitals without involving 5 orbitals? (c) What is the relationship between the energy of hybrid atomic orbitals and the atomic orbitals from which they are formed?arrow_forwardA. Hybridization 1. Determine the hybridization of the nonhydrogen atoms in the following molecules. Note: you may want to complete (or fully interpret) the incomplete (condensed) Lewis structures first. H3C-NH2 H3C H3C CEN EN-NH2 O=C=O H3C H3C-OH H3C OH B. Dipole Moments 1. Indicate the direction of the dipole of each of the polar bonds in the following symmetrical molecules using the partial symbols, 5/5. If the molecules are polar, indicate their net dipoles using the dipole arrow, . O=C=0 F FIIC-F F 2. Indicate the direction of the dipole of each of the polar bonds in the following nonsymmetrical molecules using the partial symbols, 84/5. If the molecules are polar, indicate their net dipoles using the dipole arrow, +. H FIC-F H HIO HIC-F H H HIN-H H Farrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about amoxicillin, an antibiotic from the penicillin family. a. Predict the hybridization and geometry around each highlighted atom. b. Label five polar bonds using the symbols δ+ and δ–. c. How many π bonds does amoxicillin have? Label them. d. Find a C – H bond containing a carbon atom having a hybrid orbital with 33% s-characterarrow_forward
- B. Answer the next two questions about the Lewis structure of XYZ shown below. メー三 -YEz: I. What is the hybridization of the central atom? II. For all covalent bonds, specify the type of bond (o vs. T) and the atomic orbitals that overlap to form the bond. For example, in a molecule of H2, the only bond is o: H(s)-H(s).arrow_forward3. For the following structure answer the following questions CH3 CH-CH₂- 1 CH3 a. Complete the Lewis structure, showing all lone pairs. CH3 1 CH-COOH b. How many carbon atoms are sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized in the molecule? c. Which hybrid orbitals are used by the two oxygen atoms in the molecule? d. Give approximate values for the bond angles for each angle present in the moleculearrow_forwardOne of the first drugs to be approved for use in treatment of acccquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was azidothymidine (AZT). Complete the Lewis structure for AZT a. How many carbon atoms are sp3 hybridised? b. How many carbon atoms are sp2 hybridised? c. Which atom is sp hybridised? d. How many σ bonds are in the molecule? e. How many π bonds are in the molecule? f. What is the N9N9N bond angle in the azide (--N3) group? g. What is the H--Q--C bond angle in the side group attached to the five-membered ring? h. What is the hybridization of the oxygen atom in the --CH2OH group?arrow_forward
- Determine the hybridization around the highlighted atoms in each molecule ?arrow_forwardDetermine the hybridization of the marked N atom in tofacitinib, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In what type of orbital does the lone pair on this N atom reside? (Lone pairs have been omitted in this structure.) N. ok N. nt tofacitinib N. nces sp hybridized; p orbital sp° hybridized; p orbital 3 sp° hybridized; sp orbital sp hybridized; sp orbital O sp hybridized; sp orbital NN 1. O O Oarrow_forwardH 5. Hybridization. Indicate the bond types (o and/or n) and component orbitals involved the designated bonds. Note: not all lone pairs are shown. Example: a Capz-Osp2 HH H H H-CEN H. HH H. CEOarrow_forward
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