Chapter 1, Problem 1.69P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is sp³ and tetrahedral

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.1

In the given compound (Fig.1), the central atom is carbon. It is surrounding by 3 atoms and a lone pair. So the geometry is tetrahedral. Number of groups present around the carbon atom is 4 so the hybridization is sp³.

Conclusion

The geometry is tetrahedral and the hybridization is sp³.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is nitrogen = sp³ and tetrahedral

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.2

In the given compound (Fig.2), the central atom is carbon. Carbon is surrounding by 4 atoms. So the geometry is tetrahedral. Number of groups present around the nitrogen atom is 4 so the hybridization is sp³.

Conclusion

The geometry of carbon is tetrahedral and the hybridization is sp³.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is sp³ and tetrahedral

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.3

In the given compound (Fig.3), the central atom is oxygen. It is surrounding by 3 atoms and a lone pair. So the geometry is tetrahedral. Number of groups present around the oxygen atom is 4 so the hybridization is sp³.

Conclusion

The geometry is tetrahedral and the hybridization is sp³.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is sp³ and tetrahedral

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.4

In the given compound(Fig.4), the central atom is carbon. It is surrounding by 4 atoms. So the geometry is tetrahedral. Number of groups present around the carbon atom is 4 so the hybridization is sp³.

Conclusion

The geometry is tetrahedral and the hybridization is sp³.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is sp and linear

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.5

In the given compound (Fig.5), the central atom is carbon. It is surrounding by 2 atoms. So the geometry is linear. Number of groups present around the carbon atom is 2 so the hybridization is sp.

Conclusion

The geometry is linear and the hybridization is sp.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is nitrogen = sp2 and trigonal planar

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.6

In the given compound (Fig.6), the central atom is nitrogen. Nitrogen is surrounding by 2 atoms and a lone pair. So the geometry is trigonal planar. Number of groups present around the nitrogen atom is 3 so the hybridization is sp².

Conclusion

The geometry of nitrogen is trigonal planar and the hybridization is sp².

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

To predict the hybridization and geometry around each indicated atom.

Concept introduction:

Molecular geometry is the three dimensional shape that a molecule in space. It is determine by considering the central atom and the surrounding atom and electron pairs. The shape of the molecule is determined by using Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method. Some of the most common shapes that can be determined by this method are linear, tetrahedral, trigonal planar and pyramidal.

For example.,

Linear (angle = 180^o)

Trigonal planar (angle = 120^o)

Tetrahedral (angle = 109.5^o)

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic orbital into new hybrid orbitals suitable for the electron pairing to form chemical bonds and valence bonds in other words mixing of two new orbital having same energy and shape. The orbital is called the hybrid orbital and the process is the hybridization. For example mixing s-orbital and p-orbital to form new hybridization is called sp-hybridization.

Answer to Problem 1.69P

The hybridization and geometry of

is carbon-a = sp2 and trigonal planar

carbon-b = sp and linear

Explanation of Solution

For the hybridization, count the number of groups present around each atom. For example 4 groups = sp³, 3 groups = sp², 2 groups = sp. And for the geometry count the surrounding atoms and lone pairs.

Fig.7

In the given compound (Fig.7), the central atom is carbon. The given structure has two carbons. Carbon-a is surrounding by 3 atoms. So the geometry is trigonal planar. Number of groups present around the carbon atom is 3 so the hybridization is sp².

Carbon-b is surrounding by 2 atoms. So the geometry is linear. Number of groups present around the carbon atom is 2 so the hybridization is sp.

Conclusion

The geometry of carbon-a is trigonal planar and the hybridization is sp². The geometry of carbon-b is linear and the hybridization is sp.