Working at cross-purposes? Gluconeogenesis takes place during intense exercise, which seems counterintuitive. Why would an organism synthesize glucose and at the same time use glucose to generate energy?
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Working at cross-purposes? Gluconeogenesis takes place during intense exercise, which seems counterintuitive. Why would an organism synthesize glucose and at the same time use glucose to generate energy?
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- . Avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly to biotin. Therefore, it is a potent inhibitor of biotin-requiring enzyme reac- tions. Consider glucose biosynthesis from each of the following substrates and predict which of these pathways would be inhibited by avidin. (a) Lactate (b) Oxaloacetate (c) Malate (d) Fructose-6-phosphate (e) PhosphoenolpyruvateHelp filling in the blanks: The malate aspartate shuttle plays many roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Malate can be transferred into the cytosol and interconverted in one enzymatic step to produce [oxaloacetate/glucose/PEP/pyruvate] for use in the pathway of [glycolysis/gluconeogenesis]. A product of the urea cycle, derived from aspartate, can also be converted to malate in one enzymatic step and shuttled into the mitochondria so that the urea cycle product can be used in [fatty acid synthesis/the citric acid cycle/β-oxidation]. The amino group from aspartate can be transferred to [oxalacetate/malate/fumarate/pyruvate/a- ketoglutarate] to form glutamate, which is then transported into the mitochondria. In fact many amino acids are transaminated in this way to form glutamate in the cytosol. In this way, incoming amino acids from the bloodstream can be shuttled into the liver mitochondria as glutamate for conversion by glutamate dehydrogenase to [glutamate/a-ketoglutarate…Use your knowledge of fat metabolism. glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and axidative phosphorylation to determine how many molecules of ATP eauvalents are produced when glycerol undergoes biochemical combustion. Assume that each molecule of NADH produces 2.5 ATP and that each molecule of FADH2 produces 1.5 molecules of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. Note that GTP is an ATp "equivalent." OA 14.5 OB. 17 OC. 19.5 OD. 20.5
- a- During intense exercise the transformation glucose to lactate causes very less ATP production compared to aerobic glycolysis. Explain, does anaerobic glycolysis lead to waste of energy in muscle? b-Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme catalyzes the removal of glucose from glycogen. Describe, glycogen metabolism regulation through glycogen phosphorylase.Draw Gluconeogenesis. Please make sure to state all the enzymes and co-factors for each step of the pathway.How Is Metabolism Regulated? (Integrates with Chapter 15.) Metabolic regulation is achieved via regulating enzyme activity in three prominent ways: allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and enzyme synthesis and degradation. Which of the.se three modes of regulation is likely to be the quickest; which the .slowest? For each of these general enzyme regulatory mechanisms, cite conditions in which cells might employ that mode in preference to either of the other two.
- 27. Working at cross-purposes . Write a balanced equation showing the effect of simultaneous activation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. Include the reactions catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.Which of the following are composed of two types of building blocks: fatty acids and glycerol? Natural fats or triglyceride Steroids Prostaglandins O Phospholipids Lipoproteins Question 33 Which phenomenon explains the tendency of water molecules to adhere to one another? London dispersion Hydrophobicity O Hydrogen bonding None is correct Van der Waals forcesThis is an application question. You are not expected to know anything about the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Cellular respiration is regulated at many points in the pathway. When ATP levels are high in the cell, NADH molecules accumulate and bind to pyruvate dehydrogenase (the enzyme complex involved in the oxidation of pyruvate) at a site other than the active site to prevent the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. This is an example of... O competitive inhibition O allosteric activation O transcriptional cofactors O allosteric inhibition
- Need help. Question:- Why might it make good metabolic sense for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase instead of pyruvate carboxylase to be the primary target for the regulation of gluconeogenesis at the enzyme level?. Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionOf the steps illustrated how many are unidirectional? Identify the substrate and product of each of these steps. Identify the three enzymes that are likely to be regulated in glycolysis? How did you make this determination. Glycogen synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. Glucose 6 phosphate activates glycogen synthase by allosteric regulation. Illustrate and describe how this allosteric modulation is likely to occur? Glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose, is active when a phosphate group is added. This is an example of enzyme regulation by ____________________________.