Which of the following statements regarding TLR4 is false? (Select all that apply.) a. TLR4 is a Toll-like receptor expressed by macrophages, but not by NK cells. b. TLR4 is an example of a phagocytic receptor. c. TLR4 associates with CD14, which acts as a co-receptor to TLR4. d. The ligand for TLR4 is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). e. TLR4 is expressed as a homodimer on the cell surface. f. The extracellular domain of TLR4 associates with soluble MD2. g. TLR4 does not contain a cytoplasmic TIR domain.

Q: Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their…

A: According to the question, we have to find out the reason behind the enhanced activity of the…

Q: Name two possible functions of CD8a+ dendritic cells that could account for the results seen in the…

A: Dendritic cells  Dendritic cells are a sort of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that structure a…

Q: MHC class I molecules present peptide antigens derived from a(n) _______ compartment, whereas MHC…

A: (Major histocompatibility complex). They play vital role in intercellular recognition and…

Q: Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding memory B cells? a. Memory B cells express…

A: B cells are a part of adaptive immune response. B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their…

Q: In which of the following ways are T-cell receptors distinct from immunoglobulins? (Select all that…

A: The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells or T lymphocytes.

Q: The reason why therapeutic anti-IgE is able to suppress allergic responses is that _____. a.…

A: The immune system is what protects your body from sicknesses and infections. It's the real system…

Q: A. Kills diseased human cells B. Targets primarily eukaryotic pathogens and viruses C. Stimulates…

A: 1. Neutrophils- They constitute the majority of the white blood cells( 50℅- 70%). In response to…

Q: All of the following have been observed in individuals deficient in either CD3δ or CD3ε except a.…

A: Answer: Introduction: CD3 means a cluster of differentiation is a complex of proteins and T- cell…

Q: All of the following are examples of how tumors or the microenvironment in which they develop…

A: Tumor cells are able to stimulate specific adaptive immune responses. However, most frequently these…

Q: What is one way that CD8+- cells are activated? A. by binding to a processed antigen on an MCH II…

A: White blood cells called CD8+ T cells are also referred to as cytotoxic T cells. These cells are…

Q: Regarding immune memory, which of the following is CORRECT:  a. immune memory only occurs after…

A: Note: Please note that in order to provide an accurate answer with explanation, and following the…

Q: Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of belatacept. a. contains part of CTLA4…

A: Belatacept is a new immunosuppressive therapy designed that improves the clinical outcomes of kidney…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a involved in the CD8-T-cell killing of viral-infected cells? Select…

A: In order to understand the role that CD8-T cells play in viral infections, it is important to first…

Q: Linked recognition is best described as _____. a. the delivery of the co-stimulatory signal by…

A: Humoral immunity involves the activation of lymphocytes (B and T lymphocytes) to provide defence…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: The five classes of immunoglobulin differ in ….   Select one: a. None of the above b. Ability to…

A: Immunoglobulins are the antibodies that are produced from B-lymphocytes of plasma cells.…

Q: A metabolically stressed epithelial cell expresses the protein MICits surface and then interacts…

A: NK cells are activated as an early event during an immune response and does not require the need for…

Q: Match the T-cell component in Column A with its description in Column B. Use each description only…

A: The match the column with respect to t cells are as follows:

Q: When an immature dendritic cell becomes an activated dendritic cell, all of the following changes…

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct? (Select all that apply.) Select one or…

A: Concept used :  Notch 1 gene    Definitions required -  Notch 1 gene :  Notch one is a gene that…

Q: Which of the following is false about HLA class I molecules? A. They are encoded by multiple and…

A: INTRODUCTION HLA Human leukocyte antigen, when a cell is infected with virus or any harmful agent…

Q: B-cell tumors originate during different developmental stages of B cells during their maturation in…

A: B cells are also termed B lymphocytes, they are known as white blood cells of the lymphocyte…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: Which of these is a valid example of an antigen and its corresponding epitope? Select one: a. An…

A: Antigen  is any substance that causes body's immune system to produce antibodies against it .

Q: When T cells are activated by recognizing peptide:MHC complexes on dendritic cells in the lymph…

A: According to the question, here is a short description of the T cell activation process and brief…

Q: Identify which of the following statements regarding naive T cells is incorrect. a. Naive T cells…

A: T lymphocytes or T cells are the cells which are an essential part of the immune system. These cells…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…

A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: Generally, in healthy individuals and in the absence of infection, a mature naive T cell that…

A: T cells are among the immune system's most essential white blood cells that play a key part in…

Q: Identify which of the following statements regarding peptide–MHC molecule interactions are correct.…

A: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes that help the immune system recognize…

Q: Identify the incorrect statement regarding NKT cells. (Select all that apply.) a. They express α:β…

A: NK cells play an important role in the innate immune response to primary infection, as well as…

Q: Amino acid variation among MHC class II allotypes that present antigens to CD4 T cells is…

A: MHC or major histocompatibility complex is a set of genes. These genes are responsible for the…

Q: Antigen recognition by T cells in the absence of co-stimulation results in a. upregulation of B7…

A: The system that shields the body from outside intruders, like microorganisms and other infectious…

Q: Naive B cells search for specific antigen displayed by follicular dendritic cells in primary…

A: T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are the two major subtypes of lymphocytes. The T lymphocytes…

Q: What is the function of tapasin? Select one: a. Tapasin is an antagonist of HLA-DM and causes more…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: Identify the example that is ONLY true of the vertebrate innate immune system.

A: Innate immune system It is the immunity that is present in the body since birth. It aids in…

Q: How may B cells be activated? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Crosslinking of BCRS and…

A: How may B cells be activated?

Q: Based on these data, where would you MOST likely find toll-like receptor-XX (TLR-XX) among the…

A: TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are immune cells that assist in the detection and response to infections.…

Q: In general MHC 1 receptors harboring antigen are recognized by the CD-8 receptor on T-cells;…

A: Antigen presentation is the process by which a foreign antigen is recognized by antigen presenting…

Q: CD1-restricted α:β T cells respond to lipid antigens of mycobacterial pathogens using all except…

A: Introduction  The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification…

Q: Which of the following would inhibit the function of the JAK-STAT Pathway? Multiple answers    A.…

A: JAK-STAT pathway is activated in response to cytokines (interferons and interleukins). The receptor…

Q: Select correct answer: Natural killer cells a. Targets are virus-infected cells and cancer cells and…

A: The immune system is the body system that defends the body against foreign pathogens and invaders,…

Q: The autoimmune attack on nAChR leads to a decrease in the number of available receptors due to…

A: Answer: Effectors of parasympathetic nervous system Effectors of somatic nervous system…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Q: Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is an immunodeficiency disease due to mutations in the gene encoding WASp.…

A: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immunological dysfunction,…

Q: Identify the mismatched pair. a. MyD88: adaptor protein b. ICAM-1: LFA-1 c. chemokine…

A: In cellular interaction, surface-bound receptors play important roles. These receptors are mostly…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.