question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :)
question: Can you summarize and explain for me what you want to tell in the article below? When I read it myself, I do not understand exactly what is meant by the article. It would be nice if you could highlight the important points. You can use them in a figure or diagram to explain. thank you and hava a nice day :)
Article:
Nanomaterial-Based Vaccine Development and Immunomodulation
Following the publication of the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 on January 11, 2020, intense research efforts have been devoted to developing a vaccine against COVID-19. With unprecedented speed, this extraordinary scientific mobilization led the first vaccine candidate to enter the Phase I human clinical trial on March 16, 2020, and other novel candidates are rapidly following. Up to May 22, 2020, there are 10 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical evaluations and 114 in preclinical development.
Concerning vaccine and immunization research, nanomaterials can assist in multiple ways to boost the upregulation required by the immune system and to direct the immune response specifically against antigens. Immune-targeted nanotherapeutics can be developed through their rational manufacture at the nanoscale level by designing nanomaterials that are able to amplify host’s immune response, for instance as adjuvants in the context of vaccination.
Immune-targeted nanotherapeutics can be developed through their rational manufacture at the nanoscale level by designing nanomaterials that are able to amplify host’s immune response, for instance as adjuvants in the context of vaccination.
The development of a vaccine will rely either on the direct administration of viral antigens (e.g., in the form of recombinant proteins, vectored vaccines, or whole inactivated or attenuated virus) or RNA- or DNA-encoding viral antigens. Candidate antigens for immunization are surface proteins such as the immunogenic spike protein (S1), which is already targeted by antibodies of convalescent patients. Because the S1 protein is also essential for cellular uptake, many researchers are using this protein as the primary target for a vaccine.
There are many issues related to the delivery of a drug, protein, or RNA into the patient as the cargo is often degraded, not bioavailable, or is swiftly cleared. Nanotechnology provides multiple solutions to these challenges though, as nanocarriers can overcome some of these limitations.
Biocompatible
Several companies are working on mRNA vaccines encoding SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as the spike protein, encapsulated in nanoliposomes with specific physicochemical properties that are potentially akin to those documented for immunization against certain tumor antigens. The design of such nanocarriers, which will need to escape recognition by scavenger cells and to be nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, is a challenge that will require substantial time prior to clinical availability.
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