Q1. After years of hard work, you have isolated a mutant of glucocorticoid receptor. Additional studies identified that the mutant is capable of binding to glucocorticoid hormone but defective in activating the transcription. Based of this information and your knowledge on glucocorticoid receptor signaling, how do you explain this phenomenon. List and explain all possible reasons for this defect in mutant.

Q: A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form…

A: Heterotrimeric G proteins plays an important role as molecular switches in the process of signal…

Q: Which of the following signaling pathways use conventional molecular activation cascades (signaling…

A: Signaling pathways are a series of chemical reactions within a cell that occur in response to a…

Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…

Q: Understanding why these receptors are present when they are not supposed to be is important in…

A: When there is methylation at the cytosines present in promoter the genes are silenced as they blocks…

Q: discuss the G-protein coupled receptors structure and overview of G-protein dependent signaling…

A: G-protein is a GTP binding protein that is found closely associated with the receptor called…

Q: It has been shown that unusual activation of TGFb signaling pathway is associated with breast cancer…

A: In several cellular pathways, including cell development, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular…

Q: Which of the outcomes could potentially result if a mutation in the gene encoding the Ga subunit…

A: Heterotrimeric G protein is a complex comprised of 3 protein subunits;, and . They are often…

Q: 1. You are stuaying regulation of peri gene expi amounts of Per1 mRNA and protein in normal cells…

A: PER1 transcription is regulated by protein interactions with its five E-box and one D-box elements…

Q: The Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is a GPCR that predominantly couples to Gαs (G alpha s) G…

A: The glycoprotein hormone receptors within the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) or…

Q: Explain insulin's signal transduction pathways and trace the pathway of cell signaling from the cell…

A: Insulin is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the b cells in pancreas. It act through a receptor…

Q: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are two basic receptor…

A: Receptors are molecular structures present in the cytoplasm of the cell or  the cell…

Q: Mutations were introduced into a type I receptor of steroid hormone X. Two classes of mutants were…

A: Gene expression under the hormonal influence means that the when the hormone binds to its receptor…

Q: a) What purpose does this forward reaction serve in that pathway?  b) Does the reverse reaction…

A: The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that is the latest…

Q: Describe how receptors alter the activity of G protein complexes. List three ways in which activated…

A: G proteins are basically Guanosine which is a nucleotide, regulated protiens. It acts on turning…

Q: Receptor, especially growth factor receptor signaling is deregulated in cancer cells, which results…

A: Growth Factor Receptors- These growth factors in cancer cells are also known as polypeptides which…

Q: Which of the following would you expect to happen if amino acids 579 to 582 (YIYV) in the PDGF-Beta…

A: PGDF beta-receptor contain multiple domains that activate the various pathways inside the cell. The…

Q: Human growth hormone binds to a cell-surface membrane protein that is not a receptor tyrosine…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a taxon of amino acid kinases that are concerned with mediating…

Q: 220. Dr. Rose Lees is a world expert on breast cancer. Choose True or False. Of all the receptors…

A: As per Bartleby policy i can solve only first question. The answer of first question - TRUE Cancer…

Q: Describe the function of the PTEN phosphatase in the PI-3 kinase signaling pathway. Why does a…

A: The PTEN gene encodes phosphatase and tensin homolog, which is a phosphatase in humans. and is a…

Q: For a cell line with a mutated Ras protein that is always inactive, which of the following…

A: RAS protein is a family of small GTPases that play a crucial role in signal transduction pathways…

Q: Two protein kinases, barley kinase and hops kinase, function sequentially in an intracellular…

A: The signaling pathway is a chemical or physical signals that is transmitted to a cell through series…

Q: GC (Glycocorticoids) binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which leads to the transcription of…

A: Receptors are structures made of proteins that transduce signals in the cells upon binding of the…

Q: You are in a research lab studying the function of the mutated form of a receptor called Protein X,…

A: Protein X can be the Thyroid hormone receptor. The correct option is d.  Thyroid hormone is…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding signaling in normal cells and cancer cells is false? a.…

A: Mutations in signaling pathways cause cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably, defy apoptosis,…

Q: 32. Through our expertise in biochemical manipulation, we found a way to alter the G protein-coupled…

A: The g protein coupled receptor are the receptor which are present in the cell membrane and passes…

Q: Continuous exposure of a G protein-coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as…

A: The desensitization of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) reaction can be portrayed as the…

Q: Some of the most common mutations associated with cancer are found in the small G protein Ras.…

A: "Genes" are the fundamental unit of heredity. They store genetic information in the form of DNA,…

Q: Mutant tyrosine kinase signaling proteins are implicated in many types of human cancer. Hundreds of…

A: A drug is any chemical substance that causes an adjustment or change of a living being's physiology…

Q: Binding EGF to the EGF receptor causes phosphorylation of tyrosines on the cytoplasmic tail of the…

A: Tyrosine kinases are essential mediators of this sign transduction process, main to…

Q: ras GDP ras GTP ras raf Inactive Active raf Inside of cell Refer to the figure above. A portion of a…

A: Introduction : The given question represents the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway which is the best known signal…

Q: B) If a tumor-promoting mutation in the gene that codes for Kinase A generates an always active…

A: There are two types of functional mutations. 1) gain of function mutations  2) loss of function…

Q: of 16 CAT proteins signal in a manner that is uncommon for signaling proteins that carry out similar…

A: STAT or signal transducer and activator of transcription  proteins are latent cytoplasmic…

Q: You are given a project to characterize the effect of mutation on two newly discovered G protein…

A: In this project, we aim to characterize the effect of mutation on two newly discovered G…

Q: Describe the effects of the over-expression of mdm2 on cell proliferation and apoptosis on cell…

A: Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) is a gene isolated from a mouse chromosome and is encodes MDM2…

Q: Describe the events required for full activation of protein kinase B. Name two effects of insulin…

A: Protein kinase B (PKB) is also used to define as a way to refer to as Akt. It is a…

Q: Which molecule(s) is directly activated by Ras-GTP? A. Gene regulatory proteins B. ERK (MAP kinase)…

A: Ras protein belongs to a class of small GTPase protein, which mainly functions in transmitting…

Q: If you have a protein kinase that is regulated by both small molecule inhibitors as well as by…

A: Protein kinases is enzyme which catalyses the transfer of phosphate between their substrates. A…

Q: The hypothesis for the experiment shown in the picture is that the TamC3 and TamR3 cell lines…

A: The experiment referring to is, exploring the function and growth of TamC3 and TamR3 cell lines in…

Q: In the study by Amano et al. the authors developed a collection of RNA sequences that showed optimal…

A: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of signaling molecules crucial for various cellular…

Q: Questions are either true or false about for the following statements on Notch signaling  please…

A: Detailed explanation: 1. The statement is True. During the development of the Drosophila eye, Notch…

Q: NCREASED/DECREASED transcription of target genes. Select one: O a. Decreased ; Decreased O b.…

A: GTPase-Activating Proteins or GAPs act by binding to the GTPase. This enhances the hydrolysis of…

Q: You are studying a pathogenic bacterium which secretes a toxin that affects G protein receptor…

A: Since the cAMP levels are rising post the exposure to the toxin, it means that the adenyl cyclase…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.