1A. If Creb upregulates gene T with acetylcholine stimulation, what happens to T when cAMP phosphodiesterase is always active compared to normal? 1B. If Creb normally upregulates expression of gene Y with adrenaline stimulation, what happens to gene Y if PKA has a nonfunctional NLS compared to normal signaling? Choices are: A. Stays the same B. Decreased expression C. Increased expression
1A. If Creb upregulates gene T with acetylcholine stimulation, what happens to T when cAMP phosphodiesterase is always active compared to normal?
1B. If Creb normally upregulates expression of gene Y with adrenaline stimulation, what happens to gene Y if PKA has a nonfunctional NLS compared to normal signaling?
Choices are:
A. Stays the same
B. Decreased expression
C. Increased expression
All cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings. This is acomplished by a variety of signal molecules that are secreted or expressed on the surface of one cell and bind to receptors expressed by other cells, thereby integrating and coordinating the functions of the many individual cells that make up organisms. Each cell is programmed to respond to specific extracellular signal molecules. Extracellular signaling usually involves following steps:
1. Synthesis and release of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell;
2. Transport of the signal to the target cell;
3. Binding of the signal by a specific receptor leading to its activation.
4. Initiation of signal-transduction pathways.
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