Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the  Na+– glucose symporter. Recall that the  Na+   concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two  Na+   ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the  Na+   concentration outside the cell  ([Na+]out)   is  163 mM   and that inside the cell  ([Na+]in)   is  21.0 mM,   and the cell potential is  −54.0 mV   (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is  37 °C.

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