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Uniporters and ion channels allow the movement of ions across cellular membranes. While both are instances of assisted transport, ion movement via an ion channel is about 104- to 105-fold quicker than molecule movement through a uniporter. What fundamental mechanistic difference contributes to this significant disparity in transport rate? The direction of travel is determined by the contribution of free energy (G).
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- Uniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both are examples of facilitated transport, the rates of ion movement via an ion channel are roughly 104- to 105-fold faster than the rates of molecule movement via a uniporter. What key mechanistic difference results in this large difference in transport rate? What contribution to free energy (ΔG) determines the direction of transport?Uniporters and ion channels support facilitated transport across cellular membranes. Although both are examples of facilitated transport, the rates of ion movement via an ion channel are roughly 104 - to 105 -fold faster than the rates of molecule movement via a uniporter. What key mechanisticdifference results in this large difference in transport rate?What contribution to free energy (ΔG) determines the direction of transport?Name the three classes of membrane transport proteins. Explain which one or ones of these classes is able to move glucose and which can move bicarbonate (HCO3 −) against an electrochemical gradient. In the case of bicarbonate, but not glucose, the ΔG of the transport process has two terms.What are these two terms, and why does the second not apply to glucose? Why are cotransporters often referred to as examples of secondary active transport?
- Name the three classes of membrane transport proteins. Explain which one or ones of these classes is able to move glucose and which can move bicarbonate (HCO3−) against an electrochemical gradient. In the case of bicarbonate, but not glucose, the ΔG of the transport process has two terms. What are these two terms, and why does the second not apply to glucose? Why are cotransporters often referred to as examples of secondary active transport?The transport of a molecule is investigated using two chambers (left and right) separated by a synthetic membrane containing transport proteins. A solution containing varying concentrations of the molecule is added to the left side while pure water is added to the right. The transport rate of the molecule is determined by measuring the concentration of molecule that accumulates on the right side. The following table summarizes the transport rate of the molecule at various concentrations. Based on this you can conclude: a) the molecule is most likely transported by facilitated diffusion b) the molecule is moving across the membrane by passive transport c) the membrane is freely permeable to the molecule d) the molecule is most likely transported by active transportBelow find the structures for ibogaine and cocaine. Ibogaine and cocaine inhibit the dopamine active transporter (DAT). This transporter is a secondary active transporter, and depends on the primary active transporter Na+/K+ ATPase. Ibogaine had a Kι = 2 μM, and cocaine a Kι = 0.64 μM respectively. (a) Define secondary active transport. (b) Is ibogaine an effective treatment for cocaine based on DAT binding?
- Whereas electrical currents are carried by electrons in copper wire,they are carried by ions in aqueous solutions. Explain how anactive-transport mechanism can create an electrical current acrossa membrane.The type of transport shown in this figure is best described by which of the following pairs of terms: Low High High Lowthe sodium channel exchanger NCX transports sodium into and calcium out of cardiac muscle cells. Describe why this itransporter is classified as secondary active transport?
- It is typically sufficient to rupture cells when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to 0.001M. Calculate what transmembrane pressure this would result in. Use that to access if the red blood cells would break. Yes or No? Compare to the transmembrane pressure when cells are in normal saline solution (0.91%NaCl) -> 0.156M(change unit to osM) Basically Calculate the transmembrane pressure when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to 0.001M Determine if that transmembrane pressure would result in the breakage of red blood cells Calculate the transmembrane pressure when cells are in a normal saline solution and compareIn Chapters 11 & 12, the following examples of membrane transport proteins are given. Fill out the table with the correct answer for that particular transport protein. Type of transport protein (channel or carrier/transporter?) K* leak channel glucose transporter bacteriorhodopsin Na-K pump glucose-Na symport Na-H exchanger Performs active or passive transport? Energy source for movement of solute(s) or ion(s) Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the electrochemical gradient Na K* Na glucose Na H' Direction of movement of solute(s) or ion(s) with respect to the membrane crossed Na K₁ Na' glucose Na H' Is the protein a uniport, symport, antiport, or none of the above?Liver cells are in contact with the blood and exchange a variety of substances with the blood plasma (the noncellular part of blood). The concentration of water is equal in the cytoplasm of liver cells and in the blood plasma. Explain this observation in terms of membrane permeability and transport mechanisms. Animal cells typically maintain a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell and a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell via the Na+-K+ pump. The drug ouabain inhibits the activity of the Na+-K+ pump. A nerve cell is incubated in ouabain. Predict what will happen to the concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside the nerve cell as a result.