Chloride ions (Cl-) behave a bit differently to Na+ and K+ in that most cells don't have active Cl- transporters. As a result, the concentration gradient for Cl- is not 'set' like it is for Na+ and K+. There are, however, a limited number of Cl- leak channels in the cell membrane. As a result, Eci generally matches resting membrane potential - around - 70mV. Considering this, answer the following questions. If Cl- can cross the cell membrane, is not being actively transported, and membrane potential is -70mV, will there be a concentration gradient for Cl-?

Q: What is the energy requirement to transport 3 mol of Na+ across the membrane by the Nat-K+ ATPase…

A: As we see in the above question that the ion concentration difference of K+ from out side to inside…

Q: SNAT2 (a membrane protein) determines the cell’s content of most amino acids. It acts as a symport…

A: SNAT2 is a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in determining the cell's content of most…

Q: Calculate the free energy of transport for the movement of potassium by the sodium/potassium pump…

A: The Sodium/Potassium pump is a transmembrane ATPase that is situated on the cytosolic side, in the…

Q: Uniporters and ion channels allow the movement of ions across cellular membranes. While both are…

A: Ion channels are membrane proteins that produce pores that enable ions to flow through. A uniporter…

Q: What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport…

A: Signal sequences are attached to a newly formed protein . It provides an address to transport them…

Q: In many organisms, the central nervous system relies on specialized cells called neurons to…

A: Membrane transport is a mechanism in which molecules/ substances are transported across the membrane…

Q: Gap junctions are dynamic structures that, like conventional ion channels, are gated: they can close…

A: An animal cell comprises of various types of intercellular junctions that form both structural as…

Q: If the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to Cl-, would there be Clinflux or Cl- efflux at an…

A: The resting membrane potential, often known as the resting potential, is a voltage across the…

Q: Explain the mechanism of action of the Na+/K+ pump. If these pumps became non-functional due to a…

A: Jens Christian Skou, a Danish physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1997 for his work on the…

Q: How does the presence of basic amino acids within the S4 helix allow for voltage gating in these…

A: Introduction Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They…

Q: when calculating the Resting membrance potential using the goldman equation it is usally out, out…

A: The Goldman equation is often used to determine the resting membrane potential of a cell.  It…

Q: What is the energy requirement to transport 2 mol of K+ across the membrane by the Nat-K+ ATPase…

A: We need to find how much energy is required to move 2 mol of K+ across the membrane from outside to…

Q: Calculate the resting membrane potential of a cell when gCl = 0, gK = 0.6 and gNa = 0.4. Assume that…

A: Goldman equation  is a formula used to calculate the binding energy of an atom. The Goldman equation…

Q: Many cells in the human body maintain an electric potential difference across their cellular…

A: Introduction :- All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which separates the…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: The α-1 adrenergic receptor is a type of receptor that is responsible for mediating the effects of…

Q: What is the emf of a cell consisting of a Pb2+/Pb half-cell and a Pt/ H / H₂ half-cell if…

A: Step 1: Standard reduction potential of Pb2+/Pb = - 0.13 V. Standard reduction potential of Pt/H+/H2…

Q: It is typically sufficient to rupture cells when the solute concentration is reduced from 0.15M to…

A: Osmotic pressure is the pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are…

Q: T[K*] 3Na* 3Nat 3Na* Aldo Kir4.1-5.1 2K- 2K+ 2K+ Depolarization of membrane ► 1[CH] »1[CH] MR…

A: Introduction:-  the distal convoluted tubule is a part of the kidney the kidney is filtering out…

Q: What would happen in each of the following cases where something related to intracellular transport…

A: Peptide has two ends: the end with a free amino group is called the N-terminal amino acid residue.…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: Because alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are found in both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac tissue,…

Q: . For most neurons, the extracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) is 108 mM, while the…

A: Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. These cells are specialized…

Q: Liver cells are in contact with the blood and exchange a variety of substances with the blood plasma…

A: Plasma membrane is not permeable to all molecules. charge molecules are not permeable to plasma…

Q: Define anterograde axoplasmic transport. Why is this type of axonal transport necessary in most…

A: Introduction :- The transportation of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other…

Q: The resting membrane potential is established by?  The Na+/K+-ATPase pumping Na+ into the cell and…

A: Introduction Resting membrane potential is the electrical charge difference that exists across the…

Q: Calculate the maximum ratio that can be achieved by the plasma membrane Na+-glucose symporter of an…

A: The greater the permeability of the plasma membrane for a given ion, the greater will be the…

Q: A particular error in the CFTR gene results in the replacement of the amino acid Phe with Ser at…

A: Cystic fibrosis is a type of autosomal recessive disorder which causes improper ion transport &…

Q: A drug binds to sodium voltage-gated channels and prevents them from opening. Which of the following…

A: The development of nerve impulse depends on the differential concentration of different ions across…

Q: Ion transporters are “linked” together—not physi-cally, but as a consequence of their actions. For…

A: Introduction Our body contains different types of ions such as Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride,…

Q: In the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of Na+ is transported…

A: The objective of the question is to calculate the free energy change (ΔG) when 1 mole of Na+ is…

Q: what would the membrane potential be if the membrane became 10X more permeable to both sodium and…

A: When the membrane becomes 10 times more permeable to sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions:Sodium…

Q: Compare the plots of the transport rates for both conditions. What is most likely mechanism of…

A: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that carries messages in the form of chemicals from one nerve cell…

Q: The top panel (a) of this figure shows the graded potential change (far right, upper, electrical…

A: Neurons interact with one another by the transmission of electrical impulses, which are triggered by…

Q: Refer to the graph. Probability of Nat channel opening 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60…

A: The action potential in neurons plays a pivotal part in the transmission of electrical signals…

Q: Ions like K+ cannot diffuse directly across the membrane. They need open ion channels to cross the…

A: Ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that allow a high rate of ion flow powered by the…

Q: How does the activity of the sodium-potassium antiport pump contribute to an overall negative…

A: The sodium-potassium antiport pump is a transmembrane protein that is found in the plasma membrane…

Q: Run Number 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 Solute Na Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Na* Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose…

A: The rate of glucose transport was slower even if the concentration gradient was increased because…

Q: In a resting excitable cell, the membrane is always slightly leaky to K*, because it has a small…

A: The electrical potential difference that exists across a cell's plasma membrane is known as the…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.