4.the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorableAG° values, i.e., AGº > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATPformation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force isfor both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.

Glycolysis is a process where glucose is broken down to pyruvate to yield energy. The energy formed…

Answered: 4. the first two reactions in…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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3. The overall result of CH OH + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in HO- which the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Decide which gly- colytic reactions are responsible for the indicated distribution and HO- + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP Но OH + 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H2O Glucose Pyruvate conversion of glucose atoms into pyruvate atoms Start by numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi and Fructose-1,6-BisPi.
10. The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose: Pi + Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with AGº = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37 °C the concentration of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. The equilibrium concentration of glucose-6-phosphate according to the above data is: A. 1.18 x107 B. 8.50 x 104 C. 4.25 x 105 D. 2.21 x 10s E. 1.38 x 108 F. 3.02 X 103 G. 6.75 x 10-6 H. 4.08 x 10 I. 9.15 x106
4. The reaction shown below is part of the glycolytic pathway. The standard free energy change for this reaction is +0.4 kcal'mol. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) > Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) A) What is K,' for this reaction at 25°C?
4. As stated in your textbook, the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorable AG° values, i.e., AG° > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATP formation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force is for both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.
3. Explain what is meant by phosphate transfer potential. How does the phosphate transfer potential of phosphoenolpyruvate compare with that of ATP? What does this mean thermodynamically (i.e., in terms of relative of hydrolysis)? What does it mean in terms of affinity for phosphate groups?
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
27. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle comprise two different sets of oxidation reactions. The reaction sequence for glycolysis is linear, whereas the reaction sequence for the citric acid cycle forms a circle. How does this difference in the arrangement of reactions influence the rate of these processes when an excess amount of a single intermediate is added?
3. Fates of pyruvate. Pyruvate has several metabolic fates (some of which you'll learn later) but in anerobic conditions pyruvate has two outcomes. a. For these anerobic outcomes of pyruvate draw the reactions with names and structures of the reactants and products. Please name the enzymes and cofactors necessary. b. During strenuous activity, the demand for ATP in muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were devoid of lactate dehydrogenase. Could it carry out strenuous physical activity; that is, could it generate ATP at a high rate by glycolysis? Explain.
2. Calculate the number of ATP molecules generated by the following net reactions of the citric acid cycle. Assume that all NADH and QH2 are oxidized to yield ATP, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and the malate-aspartate shuttle is operating. (a) 1 pyruvate –3 CO2 (b) Citrate Oxaloacetate + 2 CO2
a.What is the overall ΔG°ʹ for glycolysis when starting with mannose rather than glucose? SHOW/EXPLAIN ALL YOUR WORK b.
3.
3.) As mentioned in the March1 outline a critical step in the glycolysis metabolic pathway (conversion for glucose to pyruvate that produces 2 ATP's) is the attachment of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to an isomerase enzyme via an iminium bridge (step1). There is a second step that takes the imine to the enamine that sets up the C-C formation reaction with an enol that you'll cover in two weeks. Show the mechanism for steps 1 (mild acid catalysis) and 2 (draw resonance forms for the iminium cation). In your mechanism, show the intermediate hemiaminal (carbinolamine). Step 2 may address one of the questions asked in Wednesday's class about the water taking out the N-H proton of the iminium cation versus a C-H proton? CH₂OPO3² E-NH₂ + O=C (step 1) CH₂OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Iminium (+) cation intermediate (step 2) Enamine (Enol) Intermediate H CH₂OPO32- E-N-C H C. OH H₂O E

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