4.As stated in your textbook, the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorableAG° values, i.e., AG° > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATPformation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force isfor both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.

The 2 reactions of concern here are the 6th and 9th reactions of glycolysis. Both these reactions…

Answered: 4. As stated in your textbook, the…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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3.) As mentioned in the March1 outline a critical step in the glycolysis metabolic pathway (conversion for glucose to pyruvate that produces 2 ATP's) is the attachment of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to an isomerase enzyme via an iminium bridge (step1). There is a second step that takes the imine to the enamine that sets up the C-C formation reaction with an enol that you'll cover in two weeks. Show the mechanism for steps 1 (mild acid catalysis) and 2 (draw resonance forms for the iminium cation). In your mechanism, show the intermediate hemiaminal (carbinolamine). Step 2 may address one of the questions asked in Wednesday's class about the water taking out the N-H proton of the iminium cation versus a C-H proton? CH₂OPO3² E-NH₂ + O=C (step 1) CH₂OH Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Iminium (+) cation intermediate (step 2) Enamine (Enol) Intermediate H CH₂OPO32- E-N-C H C. OH H₂O E
. In another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is isomerized into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) Because ∆G°′ is positive, the equilibrium lies to the left. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium fraction of GAP from the above, at 37 °C. (b) In the cell, depletion of GAP makes the reaction proceed. What will ∆G be if the concentration of GAP is always kept at 1/100 of the concentration of DHAP?
3. The enzyme enolase catalyzes the removal of one water molecule ("dehydration") of 2- Phosphoglycerate (2-PGA). The numbering scheme of the enolase carbons is labeled HC-0-P-O + H20 on 2-PGA. || CH2 HO-CH2 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Part of the catalytic mechanism is as follows: Mg2+ PO?- Mg?+ PO? 'o. Ó H Mg?+ Mg²+; PO? :-C-H C=C-C-H OH OH Нон Enolase но но H-N*-H Lys345 Lys345 Glu211 Glu211 2-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzyme Enolate intermediate Phosphoenolpyruvate а. Draw the mechanism of the reaction by adding arrows to show how electrons move. Mg2+ PO?- Mg2+ po PO H H Mg2+ С -с-с-н Mg2+ C=c-C-H H OH OH Enolase H. H-N-H но но .. H-N-H Lys345 Lys345 Glu211 Glu211 2-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzyme Enolate intermediate Mg?+ PO O. он Mg2+: PO? c=C-C-H OH HOH H но C=C H-N*-H Lys345 Glu211 Enolate intermediate Phosphoenolpyruvate
3. The reaction shown below is catalyzed along the pathway of glycolysis by an enzyme with the active site architecture shown. A. The enzyme has two Mg2+ ions, a lysine general base (deprotonated) and a glutamate general acid. In the box below, draw a plausible mechanism for this reaction, which has two formal steps with one intermediate between them (hint: one step uses the general acid and the other uses the general base.) O +(87 -00 11 R-00 00 00 + H₂O OH O Mg2+ Mg2+ Lys (general base) NH₂ OH Glu (general acid) enzyme active site
28. Sucrose in human nutrition is hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components by sucrase. Glucose can enter directly in cellular respiration while fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver as illustrated in the figure below. Suppose 180 molecules of sucrose are to be catabolized, what is the net ATP production during glycolysis considering both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation of NADH shuttled by malate and aspartate to the mitochondrion? [Hint: Sum of net ATP yield in substrate-level phosphorylation and ATP from glycolytic NADH] Fructose Glucose Glycogen ATP- ATP- ADP4 ADP+ hexokinase glucokinase Glucose-6-P→→→→→ Glucose-1-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP fructokinase rapid Fructose-1-P Rate aldolase B limiting Dihydroxyacetone-P Glyceraldehyde ATP- triose kinase ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-P Liver Also intestinal cells and kidney cortex O a. 810 ATP O b. 1260 ATP O c. 1800 ATP d. 2520 ATP PFK-1 Dihydroxy- acetone-P Lactate F1,6bisphosphatase…
(d) of glucose oxidation in diabetic human patients treated with Metformin (●) and in (nondiabetic) control human patients (0). At –150 min both groups of subjects were started on an intravenous feed of 3-(®H)-glucose, and at t = 0 min they were started on an oral glucose tolerance test whereby a measured amount of glucose in water (a syrupy mixture) was swallowed followed by measure- ment of blood glucose levels at 30 min intervals. The flux of glucose oxidation was measured by the appear- ance of 3H2O in the blood stream. While the information The diagram to the right compares the rate 8000 ORAL GLUCOSE 6000- 4000- 2000- -120 -60 60 120 180 240 300 Minutes cannot be directly extracted from the reaction mecha- nism diagrams in the textbook, the glycolytic step in which the tritium is first released into water is that catalyzed by TPI, as illustrated at the beginning of Question #3. Explain why this step is suitable for measuring the flux of glycolysis through the release of °H…
In the skeletal muscle, in anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate during the payoff phase of glycolysis; and this pyruvate is reduced into lactate during lactic fermentation. Part 1-Write the 11 balanced biochemical equations corresponding to all the reaction steps leading to the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into lactate through glycolysis followed by lactic fermentation. Part 2-Write the net equation of the whole transformation process (i.e. with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as the starting substrate; and lactate as the end product).
These are the results from my experiment of determining the optimal temperature for amylase. The question I have is what is the optimal temperature of the reaction? (Would it be 55 degrees Celsius?) and at what temperature does amylase denature...my guess is 65 degrees
1. Diagram the connection of the following pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation. Use key intermediate names, pathway names and arrows in your diagram.
4) Suppose some yeast cells undergoing gluconeogenesis were treated with a 1:1 mixture of the two labeled pyruvate molecules shown below (one pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C1 and ¹³C at C3; the other pyruvate is labeled with ¹4C at C3 and ¹3C at C2. Assume that the labeled pyruvate molecules are the only source of carbon to make glucose via gluconeogenesis. Draw the resulting mixture of glucose molecules and clearly show the location of ¹4C and/or ¹³℃ in each glucose. 13CH3 14CH3 13C

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