11. Explain the role of cytochrome c, Bax/Bac, Fas receptor-ligand, caspases, IGFBP3 in causing apoptosis of cells, based on the figures given below. death ligand cytotoxic cell death receptor plasma membrane granzyme B executioner caspase 3 caspase 8 initiator procaspases caspase 8 caspase 10 tBid executioner procaspases Bid `cytochrome e Apaf-1 apoptosome caspase 9 ICAD lamin death substrates vimentin actin etc. Figure 934 The Biology of Cancer (O Garland Science 2014)

Q: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) is a molecule that can act as an allosteric activator of…

A: The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine…

Q: A toxin released by a nasty bacterium forces the cell to undergo apoptosis. Which of the following…

A: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process in which the cell's contents are packaged into small…

Q: You would like to generate an antibody against the human Ras GTPase protein using a rabbit as a…

A: To make antibodies against a specific protein, like human Ras GTPase, in a rabbit, we expose the…

Q: After a cell "clears" the G₁ restriction checkpoint, it can proceed into S phase. This S phase entry…

A: The cell cycle is regulated at following four crucial transitions: G1 to S S to G2 (very short) G2…

Q: A new class of cholesterol-lowering treatments that utilize small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are…

A: siRNA, also known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA…

Q: Which of the following would most likely mimic Rb loss? Rb mutant where the phosphosites are mutated…

A: Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. Loss of function mutation in Rb gene leads to the retinoblastoma and…

Q: P₁0 ORF1 t₁ ORF2 ORF3 t₂ The diagram above illustrates an operon that is regulated by the RepR…

A: An operon is a group of genes and the regulatory elements that regulate the expression of those…

Q: Protein Kinase A can phosphorylate different proteins in different cells. Explain the role of AKAP’s…

A: The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins, which have the…

Q: Quorum sensing controls the expression of virulencein many pathogenic bacteria. Usually, pathogens…

A: Quorum sensing is a type of signaling that works between bacteria present in a region. Bacteria…

Q: 16b) Suppose you have a cell in which the Iron Response Factor (IRF) protein is mutated so that it…

A: Iron is a trace element in our body, which is very important to produce hemoglobin which carries…

Q: Protein kinases can be divided into two large groups. Select the option that identifies one of those…

A: Protein kinases are enzymes responsible for adding phosphate groups to proteins. This process is…

Q: None

A: In the provided cell diagram for a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), several key structures…

Q: Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug with an IC50 in MCF7 breast cancer cells of 0.01 microM.…

A: Doxorubicin is an antineoplastic agent sold under the brand name called Adriamycin. It is mainly…

Q: 2. S100A6 is a signaling protein that interacts with another protein, SIP, to regulate protein…

A: Proteins often interact with other proteins during signal transduction pathways. These interactions…

Q: 13. Choose/mark the correct word to complete the statement. Consider the regulation of CAMP and the…

A: Operon is the segment of DNA which contains regulatory gene, promoter gene, operator gene and…

Q: Explain the mechanism/s through which molecules such as cyanide and rotenone can exert a cytotoxic…

A: The term "cyanide" refers to any chemical containing a carbon-nitrogen (CN) bond. Many substances…

Q: APC is a ubiquitin ligase activated by M-cyclin Cdk What is the function of APC when bound to…

A: An integral regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans is the cell…

Q: What determines the conformation of Mediator? TAND 1 O TAFS 6 and 9 interactions with transactivator…

A: Introduction In All Eukaryotes, Mediator Is A Multiprotein Complex That Acts As A Transcriptional…

Q: Cholera is an acute, diarrheal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the gram-negative,…

A: Proteins are high molecular weight biomolecules made up of amino acid residues linked via peptide…

Q: The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in…

A: Signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when…

Q: About the role of Ran-GAP and Ran-GEF for the unidirectional transportation of the cargo proteins…

A: Ran is a nuclear protein that is related to RAS and is also known as a GTP-binding nuclear protein.…

Q: Of the steps listed below, which problem would take you the longest to realize you had a problem in…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases are abbreviated as RTKs.They constitute one class of transmembrane…

Q: Describe how the GPCR and MAPK pathways 'cross-talk' or interact with each other. Give support for…

A: G protein-coupled receptors are a type of receptor. Receptors are chemical structure made up of…

Q: A normal cell has no growth factor bound to the growth factor receptor. What do you predict about…

A: The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is an important pathway that cells use to…

Q: 2. Assume you have identified a new operon in bacteria (which you call the suc operon) that encodes…

A: The gene expression in prokaryotes is under the control of operon system in which the transcription…

Q: The SOS response repairs extensive damage in prokaryotic cells. Why would this process be…

A: The SOS response is a DNA damage response mechanism that occurs in prokaryotic cells, primarily in…

Q: enzyme (Tyr 15 of phorylated, the en- -ylation state of any lows replication. The role of Cdk…

A: The cell cycle is highly regulated by different regulatory proteins that includes the cdc2 and…

Q: We have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment,  two different mutations were…

A: The cell proliferation depends on specific signalling processes that ultimately trigger some…

Q: In a patient with a constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinase that increases the activity of…

A: Tyrosine kinase is a type of enzyme that plays a crucial role in cell signaling pathways by adding a…

Q: Following the production of membrane extracts using the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, you…

A: The methods for cell disruption are host-dependent, and the techniques for recovering membrane…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.