1. You are studying a new gene “X” that you think controls skin color in Bearded Dragons. In order to determine what gene X does, you need lots of gene X DNA to work with. So, you decide to amplify it through the process known as PCR. You have a forward and a reverse primer that have been designed to gene Xf – a gene in frogs that is similar to the one found in the Bearded Dragon. You are pretty sure that these two primers will work in Bearded Dragons, so you decide to go ahead with the PCR. In frogs, the Forward Xf primer binds gene Xf between nucleotides 32 and 47. The Reverse Xf primer binds between nucleotides 1110 and 1135. a. What size PCR product would these two primers create if they amplified the frog gene Xf?? 3. A fellow lab worker brings you DNA containing what might be a similar gene in Leopard Geckos (XG). She asks you to see if you can amplify it using the same primers you used in frogs and the Bearded Dragon. You run the PCR and then analyze the product by running the DNA on an agarose gel. As a control, you run out the PCR product you amplified in Bearded Dragons and a DNA “ladder” of DNA pieces of known sizes. The gel results are shown below. Marker = DNA ladder; Lane A = Bearded Dragon PCR product; Lane B = Leopard Gecko PCR results. In the box below, determine the sizes of the PCR products shown in Lanes A & B. 4. Yes or No - based on the results shown in the gel above – would you say the frog PCR primers for gene X amplified the same gene in the Bearded Dragon?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
1. You are studying a new gene “X” that you think controls skin color in Bearded Dragons. In order to determine what gene X does, you need lots of gene X DNA to work with. So, you decide to amplify it through the process known as PCR. You have a forward and a reverse primer that have been designed to gene Xf – a gene in frogs that is similar to the one found in the Bearded Dragon. You are pretty sure that these two primers will work in Bearded Dragons, so you decide to go ahead with the PCR. In frogs, the Forward Xf primer binds gene Xf between
a. What size PCR product would these two primers create if they amplified the frog gene Xf??
3.
A fellow lab worker brings you DNA containing what might be a similar gene in Leopard Geckos (XG). She asks you to see if you can amplify it using the same primers you used in frogs and the Bearded Dragon. You run the PCR and then analyze the product by running the DNA on an agarose gel. As a control, you run out the PCR product you amplified in Bearded Dragons and a DNA “ladder” of DNA pieces of known sizes. The gel results are shown below. Marker = DNA ladder; Lane A = Bearded Dragon PCR product; Lane B = Leopard Gecko PCR results. In the box below, determine the sizes of the PCR products shown in Lanes A & B.
4. Yes or No - based on the results shown in the gel above – would you say the frog PCR primers for gene X amplified the same gene in the Bearded Dragon?
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