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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Putting It All Together: Summarizing Theories of Career Development The purpose of this chart is to synthesize information concerning the various career theories discussed throughout the course, as well as to serve as a tool for NCE preparation. Complete the chart with the appropriate information, using your textbook as a reference. Theory Key Concepts Goals of Career Counseling Super’s Life-Space, Life-Span Theory -Developmental life span theory of career choice -Career stages and career development tasks that are age related -Life space consists of importance of work, self-concepts, and career maturity to adaptability (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Helping individuals choose the right occupation by matching personality traits, interests, and abilities with different career choices Holland’s Theory of Types -Career choice by congruence, differentiation, consistency, and vocational identity between and within personality types and occupational environments -SDS and VPI (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Helps individuals identify their personality type by use of Self-Directed Search (SDS) and Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) to translate self-estimates of interests and competencies into types to match with congruent occupation Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise - Career choice in youth through circumscription, compromise, and self-creation (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Explore tolerable level and effort boundaries, ability, perception of barriers, and contextual factors influencing individuals’ perception on acceptable career options Krumboltz’s Learning Theory of Career Counseling - Social learning theory of career choice and learning theory of career counseling based on: Bandura’s social learning theory, learning Promote clients’ learning and their ability to: create satisfying lives for themselves, facilitate acquisition of accurate occupational self-information, it’s

experience, self-observation generalizations, worldview generalizations, task-approach skills and actions, planned happenstance (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) deployment in the career decision-making process and emphasize learning through on- the-job participation - Planned happenstance: help clients acknowledge and exploit chance encounters as unplanned events are inevitable and desirable, fostering internal focus of control and increase self-efficacy Lent, Brown, and Hackett’s Social Cognitive Career Theory -Self-efficacy, ability (direct and indirect) - Outcome expectations, goals -Personal goals -Bandura’s social learning theory (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) - Addresses two areas of career concern: performance attainment and persistence at overcoming obstacles - Facilitate interest exploration with card sort and analyze obstacles with decisional balance sheet - Help modify self-efficacy beliefs through challenging external attributions for success and identify internal attributions Cognitive Information Processing -Pyramid of information - Processing CASVE cycle - Executive processing domain - Career thoughts inventory (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Seven step sequence for delivering individual, group, and classroom career development interventions, including pyramid model and CASVE cycle to clarify client concerns and provide model of understanding career and problem-solving processes in diverse client populations Brown’s Values-Based, Holistic Model of Career and Life-Role Choices and Satisfaction -Perceived self-efficacy through values shaped by genetics and environment - Career decision when values are crystalized and prioritized - Highest priority values as most important determinants of career choice if more than Provide research and asking individual why statements are made to sort values to create holistic view on career including life roles choices and satisfaction, as well as help process regarding problems in career decision making

one option is available; if not, decision based on option least conflicting with values (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning -Integrative life planning (ILP) inventory in six developmental tasks: finding work that needs doing, maintaining health and wellbeing, connecting family and work, valuing pluralism and inclusivity, exploring spirituality and life purpose, and managing personal transitions and organizational change (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Support adults’ career development through integrative life planning (ILP), by being agents for positive change, helping clients think holistically about their lives and offering comprehensive life planning by blending self and world knowledge in six developmental tasks Post-Modern Approaches -Narrative or meaning making approach: Narrative creation Career problem identification Vs Constructivist or career problem approach: Personal constructs or theories to predict future events Laddering technique to identify more or less important structures Fruitfulness (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022) Help create narratives by emphasizing understanding and articulating the main character in a specific career plot beginning by identifying the problem or gap between current career and desired career Vs Help identify personal constructs through laddering technique, vocational rep test, and vocational card sorts to compare and contrast career-related elements and identify more and less important structures Fruitfulness in changed outlook or new perspective in some aspect of life

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Reflection Questions: 1. In 2–3 paragraphs, compare and contrast one traditional theory of career counseling and development with one recent theory of career counseling and development. What are the major differences in how each theory describes the career decision-making process and goals for career counseling? Theories of career counseling and development have changed. Traditional theories and recent theories can be made, like with Holland’s Theory of Types and Person-Environment Interactions and Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning (Niles & Harris- Bowlsbey, 2022). Holland’s Theory of Types states that most people can be labeled as one of six personality types: “realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional” (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022, p. 60). In contrast, Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning theory identifies career development tasks that emphasize “social justice, social change, connectedness, diversity, and spirituality” (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022, p. 97). Another difference between the two theories is that Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning theory cannot be easily translated to individual counseling like Holland’s Theory of Types can (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022). With Hansen’s theory, a new worldview is addressed, and issues related to diversity are emphasized (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022). The goals for Holland’s Theory of Types are identified by assisting individuals with identifying their personality type by utilizing Self-Directed Search (SDS) and Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022). These assessments are used to identify the vocational identity of an individual and which career choice would best fit them (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022). With Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning, adults are supported in their journey to positive change and clients are encouraged to think holistically about their future and lives (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022).

2. In 2–3 paragraphs, discuss any insights you have gained about the use of traditional and recent career theories with diverse and/or marginalized populations in your area of specialization. How do cultural issues affect career counseling? What have you learned about specific populations (e.g., persons with disabilities, gender minorities, etc.) that you did not know previously? How might you use this information in the future? When I first began researching different theories of career counseling, I found it extremely confusing and overwhelming. However, after taking a deep dive into the course work, I was able to notice key similarities and foundations between most of the theories. I think it is interesting to realize how similar most theories of counseling are, especially since most clients will be similar with minor differences mainly about their background. This will assist me further in my career as I realize that I will not have to completely change my way of thinking for every single client, I can likely just change small pieces of any plans to transition to a theory that would benefit my client more. Cultural issues affect career counseling as most theories focus more on White individuals in Western societies, which is not typically the population that is in the most need of career counseling, in my opinion (Niles & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2022). I think having this knowledge allows counselors to be able to still offer assistance to others that do not quite fit the mold of the theories of career counseling and have a further reach to those in need. Before this coursework, I did not realize how many theories did not include cultural considerations at all.